Data Mining Project

Applying data mining techniques to predict the depression level of Vietnamese students

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ABOUT

1. The team behind it

No.	Full Name	Student's ID	Email	Github account	Roles	Contribution
1	Nguyen Hoang Anh Tu	ITDSIU20090	ITDSIU20090@student.hcmiu.edu.vn	nghganhtu	TEAM LEADER with Model evaluation, Hyper-parameters tuning	20%
2	Nguyen Quang Dieu	ITDSIU20031	ITDSIU20031@student.hcmiu.edu.vn	itzmealvin	Data preprocessing, Optimize performance	20%
3	Duong Nguyen Gia Khanh	ITDSIU20100	ITDSIU20100@student.hcmiu.edu.vn	GiaKhanhs	Implement classification/prediction algorithms in Java, Bug fixing	20%
4	Hoang Tuan Kiet	ITDSIU21055	ITDSIU21055@student.hcmiu.edu.vn	meiskiet	Implement pre-processing code, Workspace set-up	20%
5	Nguyen Hai Ngoc	ITDSIU21057	ITDSIU21057@student.hcmiu.edu.vn	haingocnguyen	Implement classification/prediction algorithms in Java, Bug fixing	20%

2. The project we are working on

The project investigates depression in Vietnamese teenagers aged 15-25 using modern data mining methods, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive early detection strategies to reduce mental health issues.

3. Goal

• Use machine learning models to accurately predict depression levels among Vietnamese students.
• Tests a range of complex machine learning model approaches to identify the most successful ones.
• Increase the endurance and effectiveness of these classification models by including more potent algorithms.
• Apply data mining techniques to real-world datasets to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical application.
• Empower healthcare practitioners to make more informed clinical decisions and enhance the mental health of Vietnamese students through early detection and intervention.

REASON

1. Motivation

Depression awareness in Vietnam has increased due to the Internet, but the public's willingness to seek screenings remains low. Self-assessment programs like "15minutes4me" offer hope, but they often rely on predetermined symptoms, overlooking the complex interplay between living environment and stress. This data mining project aims to predict depression levels among Vietnamese students aged 15 to 25 by investigating environmental factors and pressures. Building on prior research, the study uses a classification model and analytic techniques to provide a more nuanced understanding of depression among Vietnamese students.

2. Idea

Using machine learning model built on top of classification algorithms, to improve prediction accuracy in various sectors, particularly in measuring depression levels among Vietnamese students. Advanced algorithms like Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes, and K-Nearest Neighbors are used to manage large datasets, identify patterns, and make accurate predictions.

3. Roadmap

• Data collecting
• Data pre-processing
• Build model to classify
• Deploy AI Chatbot based on the result
• More to come...

Please see the open issues for a full list of proposed features ( and known issues).

METHODOLOGY (based on theory class)

1. Ask a question

This study focuses on predicting depression levels among Vietnamese students using data mining techniques. It investigates the accuracy of machine learning algorithms and their practical implications for early detection and intervention, aiming to improve students' well-being and academic performance.

2. Data gathering

The research used a systematic approach to gather data on stress and pressure among Vietnamese students. A Google Form survey was created based on various studies and conversations with university specialists. The survey identified five main causes of stress: employment, studies, self, family, and love. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression risk. The survey was distributed to a diverse group of Vietnamese students, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity. The data collected was evaluated for quality and completeness, aiming to improve knowledge and early detection of depression among Vietnamese students.

3. Data cleaning

The pre-processing stage of a depression study involved categorizing responses into five groups based on depression-related factors. Python's'shuffle' function ensured no inherent order or bias. Python was used for data processing due to Weka's limitations and Java's difficulties. Missing data was filled using an imputation method, and string-type responses were converted into numerical form using label encoding. The original dataset had long column names, requiring special encoding for quick access. Questions were encoded with alphabetical letters for clarity. This pre-processing made the dataset suitable for further analysis and machine learning methods.

4. Model building

Machine learning algorithms are crucial for creating classification models, as they identify trends and make data-driven judgments. Techniques like ibk, J48, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, OneR, SVM, AdaBoostM1, RandomForest, and ExtraTree are used to classify instances based on their closest neighbors, making them suitable for pattern recognition tasks, binary classification, and large datasets. Ensemble approaches like AdaBoostM1 and RandomForest increase classification performance by integrating multiple classifiers, while ExtraTree increases resilience by creating decision trees with random splits. Weka supports these models and offers full modeling and training capabilities, making the development process easier. Weka functions like buildClassifier are often used throughout the model development process, making the training process quick for many classifiers.

5. Return the result

The final step involves evaluating a machine learning model on a test dataset to assess its effectiveness in identifying and forecasting depression levels. This evaluation uses measures like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, ensuring the model's dependability, accuracy, and generalization capabilities. This step is crucial for enabling proactive early depression detection and management, enhancing student well-being. The model's efficacy is assessed using functions like toSummaryString, toMatrixString, and metrics, providing comprehensive results for a comprehensive study.

PROJECT STRUCTURE

• .idea folder: provides project-specific parameters and configurations for IntelliJ IDEA
• .vscode folder: contains project-specific settings and configuration files for Visual Studio Code
• data folder: to hold the datasets organized by family, love, self, study, and job subfolders. Each contains the full training, testing, and validation dataset in both CSV and ARFF format supported by the Weka
• demo folder: it comprises screenshots for the UI and results produced in CSV format
• lib folder: contains external libraries and dependencies needed for the project (weka.jar, extraTree.jar, and JavaFX SDK)
• out folder: stores compiled output files, such as class files
• src folder: the primary source directory for the project’s code
  • model subfolder:
    • based_models subfolder: provides foundational classifier Java classes for this project. That includes IBk, J48, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, OneR, SVM as default, and J48, Logistics Regression, and SVM as tuning models.
    • ensemble_models subfolder: contains the ensemble model classes that incorporate many classifiers. That includes AdaBoostM1, ExtraTree, and RandomForest as default and tuning models.
      • These folders further contain the models and hyperparameter_tuning subfolders for each.
    • Command.java: the interface for each classifier model class to implement the void exec(DataSource trainSource, DataSource testSource) function
  • pre-processing folder:
    • FS_output folder: contains output files for JavaFX visualization chart
    • helloFX folder: contains the source code for a JavaFX application
    • DataImporter.java: class to import data from the specified path
    • DataProcessor.java: the class for processing and preparing data
    • FeatureSelection.java: class to enable feature selection algorithms
    • RemoveAttributes.java: a class that has a function for deleting certain features from the datasets
    • SplitData.java: the class that separates datasets into training, testing, and validation sets
• Main.java: the project driver code and contains the Main class
• .gitignore: to allow Git VCS to ignore certain files and folders
• DM_Project.iml: to configure the IntelliJ IDEA project file
• README.md: a document to outline and explain the project

INSTALLATION

Required software

• Java Development Kit 17++ (i.e. OpenJDK) CLICK TO DOWNLOAD
• Any Java IDE (i.e. JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA) CLICK TO DOWNLOAD

Steps

1. Clone the repo

   git clone https://github.com/GiaKhanhs/DM_Project.git

2. Open in a Java IDE (preferably JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA)
3. Now click on File > Project Structure... > Library. Click on (+) button on point to the lib folder, add the following libraries:

• lib/weka.jar for Weka main library
• lib/extraTrees.jar for ExtraTrees library
• lib/javafx-sdk-osx-arm64/lib for JavaFX on Apple Silicon Macs or lib/javafx-sdk-win64/lib for JavaFX on Intel/AMD Windows PC. For others platform, please refer to here and download JavaFX v22.0.1 for your platform.

4. Open src/preprocessing/dataImporter.java and replace the dataset you want to explore in the try block.

   // macOS/Unix
   trainSource = new DataSource("data/family/training_data.arff");
   testSource = new DataSource("data/family/test_data.arff");
   validSource = new DataSource("data/family/validation_data.arff");
   // Windows
   trainSource = new DataSource("data\\family\\training_data.arff");
   testSource = new DataSource("data\\family\\test_data.arff");
   validSource = new DataSource("data\\family\\validation_data.arff");

5. Open src/Main.java and click on RUN button to see the result

6. To see the visualization, open either src/preprocessing/helloFX/PieChartAll.java or src/preprocessing/helloFX/PieChartFactors.java, then click on Run > Edit Configurations and add the VM like this on macOS/Unix

   FOR macOS/Unix: --module-path /absolute/path/to/javafx-sdk-22.0.1/lib --add-modules javafx.controls,javafx.fxml
   FOR Windows:    --module-path "\path\to\javafx-sdk-22.0.1\lib" --add-modules javafx.controls,javafx.fxml

then click on Run to see the result

RESULT

Exploratory Data Analysis

The study analyzed data from 1,500 Vietnamese students, with 739 being female and 761 being male. It revealed that females are more prone to severe depression and have a higher risk of self-harm. Family and work-related stressors were significant contributors to depression among female students.

Physical activity was associated with lower levels of depression, and students whose parents spoiled were more prone to develop depression later in life. Academic stress was a major concern for high school and first-year college students, while graduates and fourth-year college students were more concerned with employment and finances. The LGBT community also experienced significant stress due to familial and personal concerns. Workplace stress was a major problem, particularly among females. Academic stress, school bullying, parental expectations, instructor partiality, and peer pressure were also significant contributors. Romantic relationships were a major stressor for Vietnamese students, contributing to anxiety and emotional illnesses. Family-related stress was a major concern, with high parental expectations, mistaken caring, and financial issues.

Model best parameters

The following table displays the optimal model parameters derived from Weka, a hyperparameter tool that uses ten-fold cross-validation to identify optimal parameter combinations for optimal performance on datasets. The table also provides a clear explanation of the model's performance after tweaking, highlighting the importance of thorough tuning.

MODEL	DATASET	PARAMETERS	DESCRIPTIONS
SVM	family	-C 0.2222222222222222 -C 250007 -E 2.0 -K weka.classifiers.functions.supportVector.PolyKernel -L 0.001 -M -1 -N 0 -P 1.0E-12 -R 1.0E-8 -V -1 -W 1 -calibrator weka.classifiers.functions.Logistic -num-decimal-places 4	-C: Complexity parameter (C) of the SVM. -E: Exponent for the polynomial kernel. -K: Kernel function for SVM. -L: Learning rate. -M: Margin parameter. -N: Number of folds for cross-validation. -P: Precision parameter. -R: Regularization parameter. -V: Validation threshold. -W: Weight of the instances. -calibrator: Calibrator function for probability estimation. -num-decimal-places: Number of decimal places in the output.
SVM	love	-C 0.3333333333333333 -C 250007 -E 2.0 -K weka.classifiers.functions.supportVector.PolyKernel -L 0.001 -M -1 -N 0 -P 1.0E-12 -R 1.0E-8 -V -1 -W 1 -calibrator weka.classifiers.functions.Logistic -num-decimal-places 4	Already described
Random Forest	self	-I 670 -K 0 -M 1.0 -P 100 -S 1 -V 0.001 -num-slots 1	-I: Number of iterations (trees) in Random Forest. -K: Number of attributes to randomly investigate in each tree node. -M: Margin parameter. -P: Percentage of data to use for training each tree. -S: Random seed for reproducibility. -V: Variance parameter for Random Forest. -num-slots: Number of execution slots (threads) to use.
SVM	study	-C 0.4444444444444444 -C 250007 -E 2.0 -K weka.classifiers.functions.supportVector.PolyKernel -L 0.001 -M -1 -N 0 -P 1.0E-12 -R 1.0E-8 -V -1 -W 1 -calibrator weka.classifiers.functions.Logistic -num-decimal-places 4	Already described
Random Forest	work	-I 230 -K 0 -M 1.0 -P 100 -S 1 -V 0.001 -num-slots 1	Already described

Model performance

The next three table display machine learning models' accuracy on testing datasets before and after hyperparameter tweaking, followed by validation dataset using Weka on ten-fold cross-validation. Results highlight gains in performance and the best-performing model for each dataset, with bold numbers representing best accuracy.

DATASET	IBk	Logistics Regression	NaiveBayes	Random Forest	SVM
family	70.5882	70.5882	52.9412	61.7647	82.3529
love	78.5714	53.5714	64.2857	64.2857	75.0000
self	76.5625	87.5000	87.5000	79.6875	85.9375
study	82.2785	94.9367	81.0127	86.0759	87.3418
work	79.1667	93.7500	83.3333	84.3750	90.6250

DATASET	IBk	Logistics Regression	NaiveBayes	Random Forest	SVM
family	N/A	70.5882	N/A	67.6471	88.2353
love	N/A	53.5714	N/A	64.2857	78.5714
self	N/A	89.0625	N/A	81.2500	84.3750
study	N/A	94.9367	N/A	87.3418	93.6709
work	N/A	93.7500	N/A	85.4167	88.5417

DATASET	IBk	Logistics Regression	NaiveBayes	Random Forest	SVM
family	N/A	74.0741	N/A	81.4815	77.7778
love	N/A	77.2727	N/A	72.7273	81.8182
self	N/A	94.1146	N/A	80.3922	90.1961
study	N/A	88.8889	N/A	82.5397	88.8889
work	N/A	94.7368	N/A	85.5263	96.0526

The full version of the results can be found here.

(and more to explore for you to contribute in our project...)

CONTRIBUTING

Contributions are what make the open source community such an amazing place to learn, inspire, and create. Any contributions you make are greatly appreciated.

If you have a suggestion that would make this better, please fork the repo and create a pull request. You can also simply open an issue with the tag "enhancement". Don't forget to give the project a star! Thanks again!

1. Fork the Project
2. Create your Feature Branch (git checkout -b feature/AmazingFeature)
3. Commit your Changes (git commit -m 'Add some AmazingFeature')
4. Push to the Branch (git push origin feature/AmazingFeature)
5. Open a Pull Request

CONTACT

Nguyen Hoang Anh Tu by Email HERE

Project Link: GitHub HERE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We want to express our sincerest thanks to our lecturer and the people who have helped us to achieve this project's goals:

• Dr. Nguyen Thi Thanh Sang
• MSc. Nguyen Quang Phu
• The README.md template from othneildrew