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title: "汉书" | ||
title: 《汉书》笔记 | ||
tag: 笔记 | ||
date: 2022-12-19 | ||
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title: 《后汉书》笔记 | ||
tag: 笔记 | ||
date: 2024-1-7 | ||
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# 桓帝灵帝与谥号 | ||
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小时候读历史故事,总觉得东汉桓帝是一个差劲的皇帝,比如《出师表》里就说:“先帝在时,每与臣论此事,未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也”。但是想不通为什么他的谥号和春秋时期第一个霸主齐桓公一样,都是“桓”呢? 所谓“辟土服远曰桓、克敬动民曰桓、辟土兼国曰桓”,意思是只有开疆拓土、威震敌国的君主,才能以“桓”为谥。 | ||
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齐桓公的武功就不必说了,打着尊王攘夷的旗号积极输出武力,维护秩序,成为春秋五霸之一。但是汉桓帝呢?好像存在感一直比较低。读了《后汉书•桓帝纪》之后,才发现这个皇帝也是个猛人。对内他利用宦官杀了当时的外戚权臣大将军梁冀,对外任用皇甫规、张奂和段颎在西北对羌族的战争中有过很杰出的战绩(“凉州三明”,《后汉书•皇甫张段列传》)。 | ||
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不过他也开启了东汉宦官弄权、封侯拜将之滥觞,以及残害士大夫的党锢之祸,被后世取消了庙号(“是岁,有司奏,和安顺桓四帝无功德,不宜称宗”《孝献帝纪》)。 | ||
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这里插一句,读了后汉书才发现整个东汉的外战武功都很了得,除了上面桓帝时期提到的凉州三明,窦宪的燕然勒石和霍去病的封狼居胥相比也不遑多让。到了东汉末年,国家都四分五裂了,曹操都能把乌桓打得找不着北。 | ||
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汉灵帝则是彻头彻尾的昏君,他在位的时候开始卖官鬻爵(“私令左右卖公卿,公千万,卿五百万”《孝灵帝纪》)。虽然这事武帝也干过,但灵帝卖官的钱都被自己吃喝玩乐糟蹋掉了。灵帝玩起来很有创意,汉书后汉书对皇帝的纪如同流水账,但灵帝的纪里作者特意加了一段他在后宫开商铺,玩狗骑驴的描写(“是岁,帝作列肆于后宫,使诸女贩卖,更相盗窃争斗。帝著商估服,饮宴为乐。又于西园弄狗,著进贤冠,带绶。又驾四驴,帝躬自操辔,驱驰周旋,京师转相放效”)。在他的任内爆发了著名的黄巾起义。 | ||
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历史上另一个以“灵”为谥号的比较有名的君主就是赵武灵王。他还是双谥号,武和灵,比较特殊。小时候读上下五千年,只知道他胡服骑射的故事,这大概是谥“武”的由来。后来读了史记才发现他最后的结局很悲惨(“主父初以长子章为太子,后得吴娃,爱之,为不出者数岁,生子何,乃废太子章而立何为王。吴娃死,爱弛,怜故太子,欲两王之,犹豫未决,故乱起,以至父子俱死”……“三月馀而饿死沙丘宫”《史记•赵世家》)。这也许是谥“灵”的原因。“乱而不损曰灵”。 | ||
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