VAPOR: Legged Robot Navigation in Outdoor Vegetation using Offline Reinforcement Learning (ICRA 2024)

Kasun Weerakoon, Adarsh Jagan Sathyamoorthy, Mohamed Elnoor, Dinesh Manocha

Abstract

We present VAPOR, a novel method for autonomous legged robot navigation in unstructured, densely vegetated outdoor environments using offline Reinforcement Learning (RL). Our method trains a novel RL policy using an actor-critic network and arbitrary data collected in real outdoor vegetation. Our policy uses height and intensity-based cost maps derived from 3D LiDAR point clouds, a goal cost map, and processed proprioception data as state inputs, and learns the physical and geometric properties of the surrounding obstacles such as height, density, and solidity/stiffness. The fully-trained policy's critic network is then used to evaluate the quality of dynamically feasible velocities generated from a novel context-aware planner. Our planner adapts the robot's velocity space based on the presence of entrapment inducing vegetation, and narrow passages in dense environments. We demonstrate our method's capabilities on a Spot robot in complex real-world outdoor scenes, including dense vegetation. We observe that VAPOR's actions improve success rates by up to 40%, decrease the average current consumption by up to 2.9%, and decrease the normalized trajectory length by up to 11.2% compared to existing end-to-end offline RL and other outdoor navigation methods.

Video

A video summary and demonstrations of the system can be found here

Dependencies

This implementation builds on the Robotic Operating System (ROS-Noetic) and Pytorch.

Environment

1. Create a Conda Environment

conda env create --name vapor --file=environment.yml
conda activate vapor

2. Installing VAPOR

To build from source, clone the latest version from this repository into your catkin workspace and compile the package using,

cd catkin_ws/src
git https://github.com/kasunweerkoon/VAPOR.git
catkin_make

Testing

1. Run the planner

cd catkin_ws/src/VAPOR/testing
python offline_holonomic_planner.py

2. Publish a goal

rostopic pub /target/position geometry_msgs/Twist "linear:
  x: 6.0
  y: 0.0
  z: 0.0
angular:
  x: 0.0
  y: 0.0
  z: 0.0"  

Training

cd catkin_ws/src/VAPOR/training
python train_offline.py