Speed up CI: run static analysis in parallel with Docker builds

[vojtabiberle]

Summary

• Split build job into lightweight paths_filter (~15s) + Docker-only build (~5min), enabling static analysis to start immediately
• Add native static analysis workflow (static-analysis.yml) that runs phplint/phpcs/phpstan via shivammathur/setup-php without Docker, in parallel with the Docker image build
• Eliminate redundant Docker build in build-php-storage-driver-common.yml by merging the protoc job into build_common_driver (dev image is a cache hit)
• Add ci-tests composer script to all 5 packages (validate + tests only), used by Docker-based workflows now that static analysis runs separately
• Add phplint to php-storage-driver-snowflake (was the only package missing it)

New pipeline flow

paths_filter (~15 sec)
  ├── static_analysis (~1-2 min, native PHP, no Docker)
  └── build (Docker build + ECR push, ~5 min)
        ├── build_datatypes
        ├── build_php_table_backend_utils
        ├── build_php_db_import_export
        ├── build_php_storage_driver_common (single Docker build, protoc merged)
        └── build_php_storage_driver_snowflake
            └── test_results (gates on static_analysis + all package builds)

Test plan

• Verify static_analysis job starts within seconds of push and finishes in ~1-2 min
• Verify static_analysis runs in parallel with build (Docker image build)
• Verify build_php_storage_driver_common only builds one Docker image (protoc uses cache hit)
• Verify package workflows run ci-tests (no phplint/phpcs/phpstan in Docker logs)
• Verify a fully-green PR still merges correctly (no regression)
• Verify release tags still trigger monorepo_split correctly

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