Current Version

1.0.0 Alpha 3

Overview

This is a base app, a template, a starting point for any android project. This template uses MVVM Clean architecture to the best of my understanding; it uses reactive patterns using RxKotlin, Room for persistence, and Retrofit2 for networking. I will start by describing and explaining everything layer by layer, starting from the lowest layers all the way until the View layer.

First Use

Here are the things you have to do when you first start a project with this template:

Either use the start.py script (Python3):

• In the command line go to the project.
• Type the command python start.py, or python3 start.py depending on which python version is your default.
• Enter the package name when prompted.
• Enter the database name when prompted.

Or do it manually:

• Change the package name of each module.
• Change the package name in each module's AndroidManifest.xml.
• Change the applicationId in the View's gradle file.
• Change all imports in your files such as org.umbrellahq.baseapp.R to fit your new package names.

Then:

• Delete all Task related classes / files, or keep for reference on how to use.
• Empty the MainFragment.
• Modify the MainActivity to your liking, or keep as is.
• Clean out the resources that you don't want, and replace / modify the xml layouts.

Quick Points

Here are a few things to keep in mind before you read further:

• This project is written completely in Kotlin.
• This project is modular; each layer lives inside its own module and has its own dependencies.
• Each layer sees only the layers directly below it:
  • The View layer only sees the ViewModel layer.
  • The ViewModel layer only sees the Repository layer.
  • The Repository layer only sees the Database and the Network layers.
  • EXCEPTION: all layers see a util layer that has helper methods and extensions.
• Each layer has its own model and maps between them using custom mappers.
• This project uses RxKotlin & RxAndroid in the Database, Network, and Repository layers, and LiveData in the View layer, and maps from Rx to LiveData in the ViewModel layer.
  • The reason behind this is that LiveData is made to work with lifecycles, and the lower layers really don't know much about the lifecycles on the app.
• The Database is the single source of truth.
• This template uses a single activity, multiple fragments architecture; this is what Google recommends (not the best source I agree but what can I say?) It also uses the new Navigation components; I haven't used SafeArgs yet but they should be easily added.
• This project comes with a running example that has Unit Tests and Instrumented Tests.

Model Custom Mappers

Each layer will have its own models, along with a mapper per model per direct layer below it. So a TaskViewModelEntity will have a mapper that maps to and from a TaskRepoEntity. A TaskRepoEntity will have two mappers in the Repository layer that will map it to and from both TaskNetworkEntity and TaskDatabaseEntity.

Each mapper will implement an interface that looks like this:

interface Mapper<T, V> {
    // Map from current layer entity to specific layer below entity
    fun downstream(currentLayerEntity: T): V

    // Map from specific layer below entity to current layer entity
    fun upstream(nextLayerEntity: V): T
}

An example would be TaskViewViewModelMapper in the View layer which would look like this:

class TaskViewViewModelMapper : Mapper<TaskViewEntity, TaskViewModelEntity> {
    override fun downstream(currentLayerEntity: TaskViewEntity) = TaskViewModelEntity(
            id = currentLayerEntity.id,
            name = currentLayerEntity.name,
            date = currentLayerEntity.date,
            status = currentLayerEntity.status
    )

    override fun upstream(nextLayerEntity: TaskViewModelEntity) = TaskViewEntity(
            id = nextLayerEntity.id,
            name = nextLayerEntity.name,
            date = nextLayerEntity.date,
            status = nextLayerEntity.status
    )
}

For more information on how to use mappers please check the example code I have in this project.

Important Note:

One might argue that we can share a model module between all layers and that would make our lives easier. However, the benefits of this more separate approach can be seen in this template's example code. TaskNetworkEntity has a uuid and no id, TaskDatabaseEntity has both id and uuid for syncing purposes, TaskRepoEntity has both id and uuid to coordinate between the database and the network, and TaskViewModelEntity only has id because in a single source of truth approach where the database is the single source of truth the ViewModel layer doesn't care about the uuid.

In summary, different layers care about different properties and that's why I decided to go with the model per layer approach.

Util Module

This module's purpose is to provide helper methods, extensions, and super classes that should be useful in the other layers. This module was created in the earliest stages of development and needs refinement, but as of now here's a quick rundown of what it has.

ErrorNetworkTypes:

This is an enum for network error types which is used when recording network errors in the database, and it looks like this:

enum class ErrorNetworkTypes {
    HTTP,
    TIMEOUT,
    IO,
    OTHER
}

RxKotlinExtensions:

This is a collection of extensions for Rx that aid in invoking database queries (without continuously observing), and in making network calls. It also has an object that has a Boolean variable named isTesting which should be set to true in tests, and it has a method named getScheduler() that will return the appropriate scheduler depending on isTesting. The object looks like this:

object RxKotlinExtensions {
    var isTesting = false
    fun getScheduler(): Scheduler = if (isTesting) Schedulers.trampoline() else Schedulers.io()
}

As for the extensions themselves; let's go through them one by one:

Completable.execute(...): used to invoke database queries that return no values such as deleteAll. It takes in two parameters:

• onSuccess(): optional success handler.
• onFailure(throwable: Throwable): optional failure handler with Throwable.

Single<T>.execute(...): used to invoke database queries that return a value such as an id after insert. It takes in two parameters:

• onSuccess(value: T): optional success handler with value.
• onFailure(throwable: Throwable): optional failure handler with Throwable.

Flowable<T>.getValue(...): used to invoke database queries that return a Flowable that you can continuously observe but you want to get the value once. It takes in two parameters:

• onSuccess(value: T): required success handler with value.
• onFailure(throwable: Throwable): optional failure handler with Throwable.

Observable<Response<T>>.execute(...): used to invoke a network call. It takes in three parameters:

• onSuccess(value: Response<T>): required success handler with value.
• onFailure(throwable: Throwable): optional failure handler with Throwable.
• onComplete(): optional completion handler.

This last extension for the network calls is particularly interesting because it will invoke the onFailure(throwable: Throwable) method on both network errors and on an HttpException.

Usage examples will be shown as we dive deeper into each layer. You can also look at this template's example code.

NavigationHelper:

This has two methods to add and remove a blocking overlay programmatically on top of the Activity; I added this to fix the problem of double clicking on a button that navigates to a different Activity/Fragment. The methods addOverlay(activity: FragmentActivity) and removeOverlay(activity: FragmentActivity) both take in a FragmentActivity as a parameter. The idea is to add the overlay on click, and remove the overlay on onResume(...). This will work as long as:

• Activity uses a ConstraintLayout; preferably a full screen one.
• The id of the ConstraintLayout is passed on onCreate of the Activity (using NavigationUtil.setup(R.id.[id])).

NavigationUtil:

This has two things as of this moment:

• constraintLayoutResId: Int to store the Activity's ConstraintLayout's id to be used in adding and removing the overlay.
• AppCompatActivity.setupToolbar(...) extension to shorten setting up a Toolbar:

fun AppCompatActivity.setupToolbar(toolbar: Toolbar, showUp: Boolean = true, title: String = "") {
    setSupportActionBar(toolbar)
    supportActionBar?.setDisplayHomeAsUpEnabled(showUp)
    this.title = title
}

• NOT IMPORTANT: this had many more extensions to help with navigation in general; but that was before Google introduced the new Navigation Components and Jetpack so I removed all of it.

ViewUtil:

This only has a ViewGroup.inflate(...) helper method that shortens inflating views in Fragments:

fun ViewGroup.inflate(@LayoutRes layoutRes: Int, attachToRoot: Boolean = false): View {
    return LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(layoutRes, this, attachToRoot)
}

Deeper Look

Now we shall move into the actual layers / modules of the template. Each layer is a module in our case so I'll be using the words layer and module interchangeably.

Database Module

The database module takes care of everything related to the database. It uses Room with RxKotlin. Here's a detailed rundown of what this layer includes at the moment:

Models:

This has all the models (entities) for the database. For example, TaskDatabaseEntity under the sub-package models looks like this:

@Entity(tableName = "tasks")
data class TaskDatabaseEntity(
        @PrimaryKey(autoGenerate = true) var id: Long?,
        @ColumnInfo(name = "uuid") var uuid: String,
        @ColumnInfo(name = "name") var name: String,
        @ColumnInfo(name = "date") var date: OffsetDateTime = OffsetDateTime.now(),
        @ColumnInfo(name = "status") var status: Int = 0
)

Type Converters:

The database doesn't know how to convert complicated objects into primitive and storable data types. That's why we need Type Converters. For example, TaskDatabaseEntity has a column of type OffsetDateTime; so we have to write a type converter that we'll use in the AppDatabase.kt file later (explained in the AppDatabase.kt section below). The type converter for OffsetDateTime under the sub-package type_converters looks like this:

object DateTypeConverter {
    private val formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_OFFSET_DATE_TIME

    @TypeConverter
    @JvmStatic
    fun toOffsetDateTime(value: String?): OffsetDateTime? = value?.let {
        return formatter.parse(it, OffsetDateTime::from)
    }

    @TypeConverter
    @JvmStatic
    fun fromOffsetDateTime(date: OffsetDateTime?) = date?.format(formatter)
}

Data Access Objects (DAOs):

This is where we define query methods to access the database. This is pretty straightforward; if you don't know how Room and RxKotlin can work together look it up. Here are a few examples of what this template uses:

• getByUUID(uuid: String) will retrieve tasks by uuid and will return a Flowable so that you can continuously observe the changes on those tasks:

@Query("SELECT * from tasks where uuid = :uuid")
fun getByUUID(uuid: String): Flowable<List<TaskDatabaseEntity>>

• insert(taskDatabaseEntity: TaskDatabaseEntity) will insert a task into the database and will return a Single<Long> with the inserted task's id:

@Insert(onConflict = OnConflictStrategy.REPLACE)
fun insert(taskDatabaseEntity: TaskDatabaseEntity): Single<Long>

• deleteAll() will delete all tasks in the database and will just return a Completable:

@Query("DELETE from tasks")
fun deleteAll(): Completable

Those queries can be used either by manually subscribing and doing the Rx thing; or you can just rely on the RxKotlinExtensions that I explained earlier which will do the same thing for you. Also, feel free to write other extensions if you want to expand what's already there.

AppDatabase.kt:

Here all you need to do is define 4 things:

• Entities & Database Version:

@Database(entities = [
    TaskDatabaseEntity::class,
    ErrorNetworkDatabaseEntity::class
], version = 1)

• Type Converters:

@TypeConverters(DateTypeConverter::class, ErrorNetworkTypeConverter::class)

• Data Access Objects (DAOs):

abstract fun taskDao(): TaskDatabaseDao
abstract fun errorNetworkDao(): ErrorNetworkDatabaseDao

• Database Name:

private fun buildDatabase(context: Context) = Room.databaseBuilder(
        context.applicationContext,
        AppDatabase::class.java, "simplyToDo.db"
).build()

Tests:

Database tests are under the androidTest sub-package; the reason why they're not under the test sub-package is because we need the ApplicationContext to test the database. Please refer to this template's example code; it's fairly well documented with comments.

Network Module

The network module takes care of everything related to the network. It uses Retrofit2 with RxKotlin. Here's a detailed rundown of what this layer includes at the moment:

AndroidManifest.xml:

This declares that the app needs the Internet permission:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

Models:

This has all the models (entities) for the network. For example, TaskNetworkEntity under the sub-package models looks like this:

data class TaskNetworkEntity(
        var uuid: String,
        var name: String,
        var date: String,
        var status: Int
)

Here we also have an ErrorNetworkEntity which can be modified to your liking; this is what we'll emit to the Repository layer when Network Errors occur. You'll see how that's used in the Repository Module section, but for now this is how ErrorNetworkEntity looks like:

data class ErrorNetworkEntity (
        var type: ErrorNetworkTypes = ErrorNetworkTypes.OTHER,
        var shouldPersist: Boolean = false,
        var code: Int = 0,
        var message: String = "",
        var action: String = ""
)

Clients

This is where you define all your endpoints (NOT the base URL), and the verb for each endpoint; I have one simple example of a GET request that has the end point /tasks (which will be appended to the base URL in the DAO) and it looks like this:

@GET("tasks")
fun getTasks(): Observable<Response<List<TaskNetworkEntity>>>

The API will return a List<TaskNetworkEntity>; we wrap it in a Response so that we can handle HttpExceptions and to handle different Response codes (200, 201, etc...) if we wish to do so.

Data Access Objects (DAOs):

This is where we execute the network calls. In each DAO we'll have a few PublishSubjects that we can observe in the Repository layer. Before I go into an example let me explain the idea behind the BaseNetworkDao class that all other DAOs should extend.

BaseNetworkDao:

The BaseNetworkDao is an open class that has two main things:

• A PublishSubject named errorNetwork that emits ErrorNetworkEntity when network errors occur.
• A helper method fun <T> executeNetworkCall(...) that will figure out all the information in the error if an error occurs and emits that information into errorNetwork while allowing you to define an onFailure(throwable: Throwable) that will be called after that logic is done and the error is emitted. It takes advantage of the earlier described RxKotlinExtensions and is not meant to be removed, only modified; of course you can remove it if you want to anyway. Here's how it looks like:

open class BaseNetworkDao {

    val errorNetwork = PublishSubject.create<ErrorNetworkEntity>()
    protected fun <T> executeNetworkCall(
            observable: Observable<Response<T>>,
            shouldPersist: Boolean = false,
            action: String = "",
            onSuccess: ((value: Response<T>) -> Unit),
            onFailure: ((throwable: Throwable) -> Unit)? = null,
            onComplete: (() -> Unit)? = null): Disposable {

        return observable.execute(
                onSuccess = { response ->
                    onSuccess(response)
                },
                onFailure = { throwable ->
                    val errorNetworkEntity = ErrorNetworkEntity()

                    throwable.message?.let {
                        errorNetworkEntity.message = it
                    }

                    when (throwable) {
                        is SocketTimeoutException -> {
                            errorNetworkEntity.type = ErrorNetworkTypes.TIMEOUT
                        }

                        is IOException -> {
                            errorNetworkEntity.type = ErrorNetworkTypes.IO
                        }

                        is HttpException -> {
                            errorNetworkEntity.type = ErrorNetworkTypes.HTTP
                            errorNetworkEntity.code = throwable.code()
                        }

                        else -> {
                            errorNetworkEntity.type = ErrorNetworkTypes.OTHER
                        }
                    }

                    errorNetworkEntity.shouldPersist = shouldPersist
                    errorNetworkEntity.action = action

                    errorNetwork.onNext(errorNetworkEntity)

                    onFailure?.let { onFailure ->
                        onFailure(throwable)
                    }
                },
                onComplete = {
                    onComplete?.let { onComplete ->
                        onComplete()
                    }
                }
        )
    }
}

TaskNetworkDao (EXAMPLE):

This class extends BaseNetworkDao and will have a few things:

• requestInterface will be a var that will define things like the base URL, automatic converters (e.g. JSON to Model), Rx support, and such. It looks like this:

private var requestInterface: TaskClient = Retrofit.Builder()
        .baseUrl("https://demo2500655.mockable.io")
        .addConverterFactory(MoshiConverterFactory.create().asLenient())
        .addCallAdapterFactory(RxJava2CallAdapterFactory.create())
        .build().create(TaskClient::class.java)

• setRequestInterface(...) that we'll use to set mock interfaces for testing. Remember, tests in the network layer shouldn't test the endpoints themselves; that's the job of the API itself not the app. It's a simple setter:

fun setRequestInterface(taskClient: TaskClient) {
    requestInterface = taskClient
}

• A PublishSubject for retrievedTasks that will emit the result of the network call. It looks like this:

val retrievedTasks = PublishSubject.create<Response<List<TaskNetworkEntity>>>()

• A PublishSubject for isRetrievingTasks that will emit when a network call is made and when it's done (used for UI visual indication of loading). It looks like this:

val isRetrievingTasks = PublishSubject.create<Boolean>()

• retrieveTasks() that looks like this:

fun retrieveTasks() {
    isRetrievingTasks.onNext(true)
    executeNetworkCall(
            observable = requestInterface.getTasks(),
            action = "Fetching tasks from the cloud",
            onSuccess = {
                retrievedTasks.onNext(it)
            },
            onComplete = {
                isRetrievingTasks.onNext(false)
            }
    )
}

Tests:

Network tests are under the test sub-package. Tests in the network layer mock all endpoints because testing those is the responsibility of the API itself. Please refer to this template's example code; it's fairly well documented with comments.

Repository Module

The Repository module takes care of coordinating between the two data sources we have (network and database). You can implement any logic you want here, but ideally all data sources should dump results in the database and the app should only observe the database. Here's a detailed rundown of what this layer includes at the moment:

Models:

This has all the models (entities) for the repository. For example, TaskRepoEntity under the sub-package models looks like this:

data class TaskRepoEntity(
        var id: Long? = null,
        var uuid: String = UUID.randomUUID().toString(),
        var name: String,
        var date: OffsetDateTime = OffsetDateTime.now(),
        var status: Int = 0
)

Mappers:

An example of a Mapper is the TaskRepoNetworkMapper under the mappers sub-package and it looks like this:

class TaskRepoNetworkMapper : Mapper<TaskRepoEntity, TaskNetworkEntity> {
    override fun downstream(currentLayerEntity: TaskRepoEntity) = TaskNetworkEntity(
            uuid = currentLayerEntity.uuid,
            name = currentLayerEntity.name,
            date = "${currentLayerEntity.date}",
            status = currentLayerEntity.status
    )

    override fun upstream(nextLayerEntity: TaskNetworkEntity) = TaskRepoEntity(
            uuid = nextLayerEntity.uuid,
            name = nextLayerEntity.name,
            date = OffsetDateTime.parse(nextLayerEntity.date),
            status = nextLayerEntity.status
    )
}

Repositories:

Here we'll have all the repositories that are used in the ViewModel layer. They handle communicating with the data sources and coordinating between them so that the ViewModel layer doesn't need to care about how the data is retrieved or saved. First let me explain the Repository.kt superclass that should be extended by all repositories.

Repository.kt:

This is an open class that should be extended by all other repository classes. A few points to keep in mind:

• It will take a Context? as a parameter so that it can instantiate an AppDatabase, and it's an optional Context? because we'll pass a mock when we test.
• It has an open fun init() that will be used to initialize it with real data. Again, this is for testing purposes.
• It has a CompositeDisposable and a clearDisposables() method that will be used to add disposables and clear them when appropriate.
• getDisposablesSize() and getDisposableIsDisposed() are intended for testing.

It looks like this:

open class Repository(ctx: Context?) {
    protected lateinit var appDatabase: AppDatabase
    init {
        ctx?.let {
            appDatabase = AppDatabase(it)
        }
    }

    // To override
    open fun init() { /* Implement in subclasses */ }

    // DAOs
    protected var disposables = CompositeDisposable()

    fun clearDisposables() {
        disposables.clear()
    }

    fun getDisposablesSize() = disposables.size()
    fun getDisposableIsDisposed() = disposables.isDisposed
}

TaskRepository (EXAMPLE):

Each repository should be initialized first, and then should call init(...) before use. In production code we don't need to pass anything, but for the tests we need to pass mock data sources. The reason why we have two methods, an empty init() and another init(testTaskNetworkDao? = null, testTaskDatabaseDao: TaskDatabaseDao? = null) instead of just the latter is because we can't just use the latter in the ViewModel even if we just pass null because the ViewModel layer doesn't see the network's and database's models. Here are a few pointers on how to use this:

• Each repository will have a reference to each data source's DAO:

private lateinit var taskNetworkDao: TaskNetworkDao
private lateinit var taskDatabaseDao: TaskDatabaseDao

• It will also have a reference to all needed Mappers:

private var taskRepoDatabaseMapper = TaskRepoDatabaseMapper()
private var taskRepoNetworkMapper = TaskRepoNetworkMapper()
private var errorNetworkRepoNetworkMapper = ErrorNetworkRepoNetworkMapper()

• If you want to observe or get something from your data sources you can have a private property that will hold the retrieved values then you can have a public method that will map that property to the Repository's models then emit to the ViewModel. allTasks is a good example, here we have a private property:

private lateinit var allTasks: Flowable<List<TaskDatabaseEntity>>

Then in the init method we set it to retrieve from the database:

allTasks = taskDatabaseDao.getAll()

Then in a public method we map it to a Flowable that holds a list of TaskRepoEntity instead of TaskDatabaseEntity:

fun getTasks(): Flowable<List<TaskRepoEntity>> =
        allTasks.flatMap { taskDatabaseEntityList ->
            Flowable.fromArray(
                    taskDatabaseEntityList.map { taskDatabaseEntity ->
                        taskRepoDatabaseMapper.upstream(
                                taskDatabaseEntity
                        )
                    }
            )
        }

• isRetrievingTasks is just retrieved from the network layer and emitted directly to the ViewModel (which will probably just emit it to the View layer to handle UI changes for loading states.
• The repository will handle syncing without letting the upper layers know. For example, when we retrieve the tasks from the API we sync it with the database (which is already observed in the ViewModel layer). This piece of code retrieves the tasks, then checks if we already have them; the ones we don't have already are inserted in the database, and the ones we already have are updated in the database:

taskNetworkDao.retrievedTasks.subscribe {
    it.body()?.let { taskNetworkEntities ->
        for (taskNetworkEntity in taskNetworkEntities) {
            val taskRepoEntity = taskRepoNetworkMapper.upstream(taskNetworkEntity)

            taskDatabaseDao.getByUUID(taskNetworkEntity.uuid).getValue(
                    onSuccess = { taskDatabaseEntities ->
                        if (taskDatabaseEntities.isNotEmpty()) {
                            taskRepoEntity.id = taskDatabaseEntities[0].id
                        }

                        insertTask(taskRepoEntity)
                    }
            )


        }
    }
}.addTo(disposables)

• Of course in such examples were we continuously observe using Rx we don't want to forget to addTo(disposables) so that we can clear them in the onCleared() method in the ViewModel.

• When an error occurs it's inserted in the database directly and it will be observed in the BaseActivity as we'll see in the View Module; this way we can handle all network errors in one place. You can easily modify that to emit the error to upper layers instead if you'd like.

• Here we map the ErrorNetworkEntity to an ErrorRepoEntity:

taskNetworkDao.errorNetwork.subscribe { errorNetworkEntity ->
    insertErrorNetwork(
            errorNetworkRepoNetworkMapper.upstream(
                    errorNetworkEntity
            )
    )
}.addTo(disposables)

• In the insertNetworkError(...) method we map the ErrorRepoEntity to an ErrorDatabaseEntity and then execute():

fun insertErrorNetwork(errorNetworkRepoEntity: ErrorNetworkRepoEntity) {
    errorNetworkDatabaseDao.insert(
            errorNetworkRepoDatabaseMapper.downstream(errorNetworkRepoEntity)
    ).execute()
}

Tests:

Repository tests are under the test sub-package. Tests in the Repository layer mock all data sources because we want to test it as an independent module. Please refer to this template's example code; it's fairly well documented with comments.

ViewModel Module

The ViewModel module takes care of our business logic and emitting view-specific information so that the View can know what to do. As usual, we have models and mappers sub-packages that have more of the same of what we already explained. As for the viewmodels sub-package:

• It has a BaseViewModel that for now will only hold a CompositeDisposable and clears it on onCleared(). This BaseViewModel should be extended by all other ViewModels.
• Each ViewModel will have a reference to all the repositories it needs:

private lateinit var taskRepository: TaskRepository

• Each ViewModel will also have two init methods just like in the Repository layer for testing purposes.
• Each ViewModel is responsible to convert Rx to LiveData; so in the case of allTasks we'll have:
  • A private allTasks property:

  private var allTasks = MutableLiveData<List<TaskViewModelEntity>>()

  • A public getter to conceal the Mutable part of allTasks (so that the UI can't modify allTasks directly):

  fun getAllTasks(): LiveData<List<TaskViewModelEntity>> = allTasks

  • Then we subscribe to the repository layer's Rx tasks, we map the list of TaskRepoEntity to a list of TaskViewModelEntity, and then we post them to allTasks:

  taskRepository.getTasks().subscribe { taskRepoEntityList ->
      allTasks.postValue(
              taskRepoEntityList.map { taskRepoEntity ->
                  taskViewModelRepoMapper.upstream(taskRepoEntity)
              }.reversed()
      )
  }.addTo(disposables)

  • We do the same with isRetrievingTasks:

  taskRepository.isRetrievingTasks.subscribe {
      isRetrievingTasks.postValue(it)
  }.addTo(disposables)

• onCleared() will clear both ViewModel's and Repository's CompositeDisposable:

override fun onCleared() {
    super.onCleared()
    taskRepository.clearDisposables()
}

ErrorNetworkViewModel:

This ViewModel will reference ErrorRepository and will be used by the BaseActivity to handle all errors uniformly.

Tests:

ViewModel tests are under the test sub-package. Tests in the ViewModel layer mock all repositories because we want to test it as an independent module. Please refer to the example code that I have, it's fairly well documented with comments.

View Module

The View module takes care of our UI only; it doesn't know or care about the business logic, and only knows and cares about displaying UI elements, moving UI elements around, navigation, and things like that. If you spot business logic in your View layer then you're probably doing something wrong. As usual, we have models and mappers sub-packages that have more of the same of what we already explained. As for the activities and fragments sub-packages:

BaseActivity:

• BaseActivity extends AppCompatActivity.
• It initializes AndroidThreeTen so that we can use some of the methods in the OffsetDateTime class such as now():

AndroidThreeTen.init(application)

• It sets up the NavigationUtil so that we can use addOverlay() and removeOverlay():

NavigationUtil.setup(R.id.clContainer)

• It has an ErrorNetworkViewModel to handle all errors uniformly. It looks at the top error then calls handleErrorNetwork(errorNetworkViewEntity: ErrorNetworkViewEntity) which should be overridden in your MainActivity or whatever you want to call it.
• BaseActivity also has a resolveErrorNetwork(); this will delete the network error from the database which will consequently emit the new error list without the one we just resolved (because we are observing the network errors in the database).
• It invokes removeOverlay(...) on onResume() in case you decided to use addOverlay() on navigation.
• It should be extended by your activity.
• It looks like this:

open class BaseActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    private lateinit var errorNetworkVM: ErrorNetworkViewModel
    private var currentErrorNetwork: ErrorNetworkViewModelEntity? = null
    private val errorNetworkViewViewModelMapper = ErrorNetworkViewViewModelMapper()

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        // Initialize AndroidThreeTen
        AndroidThreeTen.init(application)

        // Setup main fragment id and main constraint layout id in NavigationUtil
        NavigationUtil.setup(R.id.clContainer)

        // Initialize ErrorsNetwork observable
        errorNetworkVM = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(ErrorNetworkViewModel::class.java)
        errorNetworkVM.init()

        errorNetworkVM.getErrorsNetwork().observe(
                this,
                Observer { errorNetworkVMEntityList ->

                    // If all errors were handled
                    if (errorNetworkVMEntityList.isEmpty()) {
                        currentErrorNetwork = null
                        return@Observer
                    }

                    val firstID = errorNetworkVMEntityList.first().id
                    val currentID = currentErrorNetwork?.id

                    // We haven't handled current error
                    if (firstID == currentID) {
                        return@Observer
                    }

                    currentErrorNetwork = errorNetworkVMEntityList.first()
                    currentErrorNetwork?.let { currentError ->
                        handleErrorNetwork(errorNetworkViewViewModelMapper.upstream(currentError))
                    }
                }
        )
    }

    // To be handled in subclasses
    open fun handleErrorNetwork(errorNetworkViewEntity: ErrorNetworkViewEntity) { }

    protected fun resolveErrorNetwork() {
        currentErrorNetwork?.let {
            errorNetworkVM.deleteErrorNetwork(it)
        }
    }

    override fun onResume() {
        super.onResume()

        removeOverlay(this)
    }
}

MainActivity:

class MainActivity : BaseActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
        setupToolbar(toolbar, showUp = false, title = getString(R.string.app_name))
    }

    override fun handleErrorNetwork(errorNetworkViewEntity: ErrorNetworkViewEntity) {
        Snackbar.make(
                clContainer,
                "${errorNetworkViewEntity.action} failed with ${errorNetworkViewEntity.code}",
                Snackbar.LENGTH_LONG
        ).addCallback(object : Snackbar.Callback() {
            override fun onDismissed(transientBottomBar: Snackbar?, event: Int) {
                resolveErrorNetwork()
            }
        }).show()
    }
}

BaseFragment:

This should be extended by all of your other fragments; as of now it just invokes removeOverlay() on onResume() and it looks like this:

open class BaseFragment : Fragment() {
    override fun onResume() {
        super.onResume()

        if (activity != null) { removeOverlay(activity as FragmentActivity) }
    }
}

General Notes:

• We should declare the ViewModel as a `private lateinit var':

private lateinit var taskVM: TaskViewModel

• In onCreate we should initialize it and we don't forget to call init():

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

    taskVM = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(TaskViewModel::class.java)
    taskVM.init()
}

• We should just inflate the layout in onCreateView:

override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle?): View? {
    return container?.inflate(R.layout.fragment_main)
}

• We should manipulate the view after (and only after) onViewCreated; this is because before that Kotlin Extensions can't access the views.
• Check the template's example code to see what you can do.

Tests:

View tests are under the androidTest sub-package; they are Espresso tests. Please refer to this template's example code; it's fairly well documented with comments.

Final Thoughts

This is still in Alpha 2 stage. Feedback is much appreciated at this stage; if you think I'm doing something wrong, or if you have a suggestion please let me know. Thanks!