[Chunk Data Pack Pruner] Add block view index #6933

zhangchiqing · 2025-01-24T18:56:51Z

This PR adds an index for lookup block by view. The index is only added to certified block which has received a QC.

This index allows us to iterate through each view, and prune data indexed by the block ID.

Note: The method is not available until either next spork or a migration to build the index is completed.

codecov-commenter · 2025-01-24T19:02:10Z

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 50.58824% with 42 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 41.27%. Comparing base (93369df) to head (5599405).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
utils/unittest/fixtures.go	0.00%	20 Missing ⚠️
storage/badger/blocks.go	0.00%	8 Missing ⚠️
state/protocol/badger/mutator.go	68.42%	4 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
storage/badger/headers.go	86.66%	3 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️
storage/badger/operation/headers.go	20.00%	4 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #6933      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   41.28%   41.27%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        2160     2160              
  Lines      189388   189459      +71     
==========================================
+ Hits        78192    78201       +9     
- Misses     104677   104736      +59     
- Partials     6519     6522       +3

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	`41.27% <50.58%> (-0.02%)`	⬇️

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zhangchiqing · 2025-01-24T18:58:13Z

storage/badger/headers.go

+
+		viewCache: newCache(collector, metrics.ResourceCertifiedView,
+			withLimit[uint64, flow.Identifier](4*flow.DefaultTransactionExpiry),
+			withRetrieve(retrieveView)),


The cache is only filled by retrieval op.

zhangchiqing · 2025-01-24T18:59:12Z

storage/headers.go

+	// certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC.
+	//
+	// TODO: this method is not available until next spork (mainnet27) or a migration that builds the index.
+	// ByView(view uint64) (*flow.Header, error)


will uncomment in next spork.

AlexHentschel

I very much agree with implementing a ByView indexing and retrieval. Though, I am a bit uncomfortable with the assumptions and undocumented dependencies that the proposed change would introduce:

the QuorumCertificates populates the ByView index without ever seeing a block, while the Headers just assumes that if that index exist, a corresponding block has been previously stored. Nowhere does QuorumCertificates document that only QCs for known blocks are to be stored.
QuorumCertificates and Headers are low-level storage abstractions, but they make very specific assumptions how the higher level code (specifically the Mutator) is supposed to use them:

flow-go/storage/badger/qcs.go

Line 35 in 92ac8d1

// while storing qc, we also index the block by view in the same transaction.

Also that is not in detail documented as part of the API, so for anyone to not accidentally violate this, they would need to go into he implementation and check, which in my experience engineers don't do.
- Just hypothetically, if somebody has the great idea to persist QCs on consensus nodes once they construct them (in case the node crashes) and maybe even do that for QCs pertaining to unknown blocks, the assumption made in QuorumCertificates would be void. Its probably not the best example, but it is an example how fragile those assumptions can be.

So in summary, I am to very comfortable with changing the meaning of QuorumCertificates from "storing quorum certificates" to "storing QuorumCertificates only for known blocks". Essentially, we are introducing additional dependencies and assumptions between QuorumCertificates, Headers and Mutator. While in each individual case, the coupling is small, over time such couplings accumulate across the code base and make the code very difficult to maintain and to guarantee correctness. A major focus of our work is managing complexity and guaranteeing correctness, if that requires to write a bit more boilerplate code - I think that would be a good tradeoff.

Some thoughts / suggestions:

since Headers retrieves the blocks by view and assumes that for an indexed view a block exists, it should also populate the by-view index in my opinion (keeping the code that deals with the same thing in one place).
The Mutator is the module that has the authority to declare blocks as finalized, sealed, etc ... I think the authority to declare a block as certified also falls within that category (certainly I would discourage the give the storage layer the authority to declare a block certified). I would suggest to make that explicit by having the Mutator call a dedicated method IndexCertifiedBlockByView(flow.Identifier, uint64) that is provided by the storage abstraction (e.g. Headers).
In the way I see it Blocks is an extension of Headers.
- Therefore, also Blocks could offer the ByView method
- Blocks could also offer the DeclareCertifiedTx method and delegate that to IndexCertifiedBlockByView (?) To me, that would seem very consistent.
method IndexCertifiedBlockByView would need to be called by the Mutator in the following two places:
- before line 368
- and before line 392

storage/headers.go

storage/badger/operation/headers.go

storage/badger/operation/prefix.go

zhangchiqing · 2025-02-01T00:34:08Z

state/protocol/badger/mutator.go

@@ -365,6 +365,12 @@ func (m *FollowerState) headerExtend(ctx context.Context, candidate *flow.Block,
 				return fmt.Errorf("could not store incorporated qc: %w", err)
 			}
 		} else {
+			// parent is a block that has been received and certified by a QC.
+			err := transaction.WithTx(operation.SkipDuplicates(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent.View, qc.BlockID)))(tx)


@AlexHentschel I was using the db operation directly, for 2 reasons:

I wanted to add a IndexCertifiedBlockByView method to headers, and simply call m.headers.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent) here. But the storage.Headers interface is mostly for read methods, we didn't expose methods like IndexFinalizedBlockByView because we didn't want this method being misused.

For the same reason I also didn't add IndexCertifiedBlockByView method to Blocks, and also, the parent block body doesn't exist in this context, passing a block to blocks.IndexCertifiedBlockByView would require us to make additional query to the parent block body.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T19:53:23Z

regarding your suggestion for file storage/badger/operation/headers.go

we might want to change IndexBlockHeight into IndexFinalizedBlockByHeight?

yes, I would appreciate that :-)

Co-authored-by: Alexander Hentschel <alex.hentschel@flowfoundation.org>

zhangchiqing · 2025-02-26T23:22:00Z

we might want to change IndexBlockHeight into IndexFinalizedBlockByHeight?

Fixed cd0ec0c

…additions of blocks

…x_-_suggestions

AlexHentschel

Thanks Leo for the great PR. Appreciate your patience with the review time 🙈.

I have created a documentation PR on aspects that I wondered about while reviewing your PR ... mostly forward-facing thoughts on where the mutator code would need to change in the future when moving to pebble. I think the only place where my PR is relevant for your immediate changes is my argument that we don't need to Skip Duplicates (my comments here and here).
I am happy if you merge your PR first, and then we iterate over my documentation - don't feel obligated to include that as part of your PR .... though, don't hesitate to merge mine it into your branch if you feel it would help Jordan with his review 🤷.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T19:57:13Z

storage/headers.go

+	// ByView returns the block with the given view. It is only available for certified blocks.
+	// Certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC. Hotstuff guarantees that for each view,
+	// at most one block is certified. Hence, the return value of `ByView` is guaranteed to be unique
+	// oven for non-finalized blocks.


Suggested change

// oven for non-finalized blocks.

// even for non-finalized blocks.

// Expected errors during normal operations:

// - `storage.ErrNotFound` if no certified block is known at given view.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T19:57:55Z

storage/blocks.go

@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ type Blocks interface {
 	// for finalized blocks.
 	ByHeight(height uint64) (*flow.Block, error)

+	// ByView returns the block with the given view. It is only available for certified blocks.
+	// certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC.


Suggested change

// certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC.

// certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC. Hotstuff guarantees that for each view,

// at most one block is certified. Hence, the return value of `ByView` is guaranteed to be unique

// even for non-finalized blocks.

// Expected errors during normal operations:

// - `storage.ErrNotFound` if no certified block is known at given view.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T20:07:47Z

storage/badger/headers_test.go

+		err := headers.Store(block.Header)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// verify storing the block doesn't not index the view automatically


Suggested change

// verify storing the block doesn't not index the view automatically

// Verify storing the block does not index the view automatically. It would not be safe to

// do that, since a byzantine leader might produce multiple proposals for the same view.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T20:12:54Z

storage/badger/headers_test.go

+		_, err = headers.BlockIDByView(block.Header.View)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, storage.ErrNotFound)
+
+		// index block by view


Suggested change

// index block by view

// Though, HotStuff guarantees that for each view at most one block is certified. Hence, we can index

// a block by its view _only_ once the block is certified. When a block is certified is decided by the

// higher-level consensus logic, which then triggers the indexing of the block by its view via a

// dedicated method call:

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T20:15:58Z

storage/badger/headers.go

@@ -48,6 +49,14 @@ func NewHeaders(collector module.CacheMetrics, db *badger.DB) *Headers {
 		}
 	}

+	retrieveView := func(view uint64) func(tx *badger.Txn) (flow.Identifier, error) {


[entirely optional] wondering if it would increase clarity of the code if we renamed:

retrieveView to retrieveByView

retrieveHeight to retrieveByHeight

retrieve to retrieveByID

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T20:17:34Z

storage/badger/headers.go

@@ -110,6 +123,19 @@ func (h *Headers) ByHeight(height uint64) (*flow.Header, error) {
 	return h.retrieveTx(blockID)(tx)
 }

+// ByView returns block header for the given view. It is only available for certified blocks.


Suggested change

// ByView returns block header for the given view. It is only available for certified blocks.

// ByView returns block header for the given view. It is only available for certified blocks.

// Certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC. Hotstuff guarantees that for each view,

// at most one block is certified. Hence, the return value of `ByView` is guaranteed to be unique

// even for non-finalized blocks.

// Expected errors during normal operations:

// - `storage.ErrNotFound` if no certified block is known at given view.

//

// Note: this method is not available until next spork or a migration that builds the index.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T20:21:14Z

storage/badger/operation/headers.go

+// IndexCertifiedBlockByView indexes the view of a block.
+// HotStuff guarantees that there is at most one certified block. Caution: this does not hold for
+// uncertified proposals, as byzantine actors might produce multiple proposals for the same block.


Suggested change

// IndexCertifiedBlockByView indexes the view of a block.

// HotStuff guarantees that there is at most one certified block. Caution: this does not hold for

// uncertified proposals, as byzantine actors might produce multiple proposals for the same block.

// IndexCertifiedBlockByView indexes a block by its view.

// HotStuff guarantees that there is at most one certified block per view. Caution: this does not hold for

// uncertified proposals, as a byzantine leader might produce multiple proposals for the same view.

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-26T20:28:49Z

storage/badger/blocks.go

@@ -83,6 +83,17 @@ func (b *Blocks) ByHeight(height uint64) (*flow.Block, error) {
 	return b.retrieveTx(blockID)(tx)
 }

+func (b *Blocks) ByView(view uint64) (*flow.Block, error) {


Suggested change

func (b *Blocks) ByView(view uint64) (*flow.Block, error) {

// ByView returns the block with the given view. It is only available for certified blocks.

// certified blocks are the blocks that have received QC. Hotstuff guarantees that for each view,

// at most one block is certified. Hence, the return value of `ByView` is guaranteed to be unique

// even for non-finalized blocks.

// Expected errors during normal operations:

// - `storage.ErrNotFound` if no certified block is known at given view.

func (b *Blocks) ByView(view uint64) (*flow.Block, error) {

In the Headers implementation, you included the following note:

flow-go/storage/badger/headers.go

Line 127 in 9953c43

// Note: this method is not available until next spork or a migration that builds the index.

Not sure if it would be beneficial to also add here?

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-28T02:54:05Z

state/protocol/badger/mutator.go

@@ -365,6 +365,12 @@ func (m *FollowerState) headerExtend(ctx context.Context, candidate *flow.Block,
 				return fmt.Errorf("could not store incorporated qc: %w", err)
 			}
 		} else {
+			// parent is a block that has been received and certified by a QC.
+			err := transaction.WithTx(operation.SkipDuplicates(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent.View, qc.BlockID)))(tx)


I think we don't need to skip duplicates here. The reasoning is in detail documented in my follow-up PR #7101

Suggested change

err := transaction.WithTx(operation.SkipDuplicates(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent.View, qc.BlockID)))(tx)

err := transaction.WithTx(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent.View, qc.BlockID))(tx)

AlexHentschel · 2025-02-28T02:54:21Z

state/protocol/badger/mutator.go

@@ -389,6 +395,13 @@ func (m *FollowerState) headerExtend(ctx context.Context, candidate *flow.Block,
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("could not store certifying qc: %w", err)
 			}
+
+			// candidate is a block that has been received and certified by a QC
+			err := transaction.WithTx(operation.SkipDuplicates(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(candidate.Header.View, blockID)))(tx)


I think we don't need to skip duplicates here. The reasoning is in detail documented in my follow-up PR #7101

Suggested change

err := transaction.WithTx(operation.SkipDuplicates(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(candidate.Header.View, blockID)))(tx)

err := transaction.WithTx(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(candidate.Header.View, blockID))(tx)

…estions documentation for `mutator` wrt concurrent additions of blocks

jordanschalm

Looks good. There are a few documentation changes I didn't understand, but I think those are from @AlexHentschel's PR.

jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:26:36Z

state/protocol/badger/mutator.go

@@ -135,6 +135,9 @@ func NewFullConsensusState(
 // CAUTION:
 //   - This function expects that `certifyingQC ` has been validated. (otherwise, the state will be corrupted)
 //   - The parent block must already have been ingested.
+//   - Attempts to extend the state with the _same block concurrently_ are not allowed.
+//     (will not corrupt the state, but may lead to an exception)
+// Orphaned blocks are excepted.


Orphaned blocks are excepted.

I'm not clear on what this means. Excepted as in the above caution doesn't apply? Or do they trigger an exception? @AlexHentschel

If it means "above caution does not apply", I don't think it is accurate. If it means "triggers an exception" I think we should say that instead.

jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:30:38Z

state/protocol/badger/mutator.go

+	// Therefore, they should be identified
+	// additional are just a no-op if they are identified as such early enough by the `checkBlockAlreadyProcessed` - though if the same extension is added concurrently, we might return a
+	// [storage.ErrAlreadyExists] error.


Therefore, they should be identified
additional are just a no-op if they are identified as such early enough by the `checkBlockAlreadyProcessed [...]

I'm not understanding this sentence... 😅 @AlexHentschel

jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:31:31Z

state/protocol/badger/mutator.go

+//     parent has already been ingested. Otherwise, an exception is returned.
+//   - Attempts to extend the state with the _same block concurrently_ are not allowed.
+//     (will not corrupt the state, but may lead to an exception)
+// Orphaned blocks are excepted.


Same comment here - it isn't clear what "orphaned blocks are excepted" means.

jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:38:59Z

state/protocol/chain_state.go

@@ -53,8 +53,17 @@ type FollowerState interface {
 	// CAUTION:
 	//   - This function expects that `qc` has been validated. (otherwise, the state will be corrupted)
 	//   - The parent block must already be stored.
+	//   - Attempts to extend the state with the _same block concurrently_ are not allowed.
+	//     (will not corrupt the state, but may lead to an exception)
 	// Orphaned blocks are excepted.


jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:39:44Z

state/protocol/chain_state.go

+	//     parent has already been ingested. Otherwise, an exception is returned.
+	//   - Attempts to extend the state with the _same block concurrently_ are not allowed.
+	//     (will not corrupt the state, but may lead to an exception)
+	// Orphaned blocks are excepted.


jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:43:19Z

storage/badger/blocks.go

+	header, err := b.headers.ByView(view)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	tx := b.db.NewTransaction(false)
+	defer tx.Discard()
+	return b.retrieveTx(header.ID())(tx)


Suggested change

header, err := b.headers.ByView(view)

if err != nil {

return nil, err

}

tx := b.db.NewTransaction(false)

defer tx.Discard()

return b.retrieveTx(header.ID())(tx)

blockID, err := b.headers.BlockIDByView(view)

if err != nil {

return nil, err

}

tx := b.db.NewTransaction(false)

defer tx.Discard()

return b.retrieveTx(blockID)(tx)

Use the underlying index directly to save a encode/hash and potentially an extra database read.

jordanschalm · 2025-02-28T22:44:10Z

storage/badger/headers.go

 	}

 	return h
 }

+// StoreTx allows us to store a new header, as part of a DB transaction, while still going through


Suggested change

// StoreTx allows us to store a new header, as part of a DB transaction, while still going through

// storeTx allows us to store a new header, as part of a DB transaction, while still going through

zhangchiqing commented Jan 24, 2025

View reviewed changes

zhangchiqing requested review from durkmurder, jordanschalm and AlexHentschel January 24, 2025 19:38

zhangchiqing marked this pull request as ready for review January 24, 2025 19:38

zhangchiqing requested a review from a team as a code owner January 24, 2025 19:38

AlexHentschel reviewed Jan 31, 2025

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zhangchiqing force-pushed the leo/add-block-view-index branch from e6cb39d to 98f6014 Compare January 31, 2025 23:21

zhangchiqing commented Feb 1, 2025

View reviewed changes

zhangchiqing requested a review from AlexHentschel February 20, 2025 17:33

zhangchiqing and others added 8 commits February 26, 2025 15:21

add block view index

7b3df54

add headers.BlockIDByView methods

b1f6f92

refactor index block by view

fbe7d58

Apply suggestions from code review

b5d1cf6

Co-authored-by: Alexander Hentschel <alex.hentschel@flowfoundation.org>

fix tests

d36f839

fix lint

53a8271

skip duplicates

0354fbe

rename IndexBlockHeight to IndexFinalizedBlockByHeight

f383dcb

zhangchiqing force-pushed the leo/add-block-view-index branch from 9953c43 to f383dcb Compare February 26, 2025 23:21

rename IndexBlockHeight to IndexFinalizedBlockByHeight

cd0ec0c

zhangchiqing force-pushed the leo/add-block-view-index branch from f383dcb to cd0ec0c Compare February 26, 2025 23:43

AlexHentschel added 2 commits February 27, 2025 18:34

added documentation for mutator around its assumption wrt concurrent …

04b58b8

…additions of blocks

Merge branch 'leo/add-block-view-index' into alex/add-block-view-inde…

6cf38df

…x_-_suggestions

AlexHentschel mentioned this pull request Feb 28, 2025

documentation for mutator wrt concurrent additions of blocks #7101

Merged

AlexHentschel approved these changes Feb 28, 2025

View reviewed changes

Merge pull request #7101 from onflow/alex/add-block-view-index_-_sugg…

13c527f

…estions documentation for `mutator` wrt concurrent additions of blocks

jordanschalm approved these changes Feb 28, 2025

View reviewed changes

zhangchiqing added 5 commits February 28, 2025 14:54

Merge branch 'master' into leo/add-block-view-index

4095646

fix lint

58c7e3a

update blocks.ByView

ad62c7f

fix test to add BlockWithParentFixtureAndUniqueView

8e916f7

Merge branch 'master' into leo/add-block-view-index

5599405

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[Chunk Data Pack Pruner] Add block view index #6933

[Chunk Data Pack Pruner] Add block view index #6933

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-	// oven for non-finalized blocks.
+	// even for non-finalized blocks.
+	// Expected errors during normal operations:
+	//   - `storage.ErrNotFound` if no certified block is known at given view.

	// verify storing the block doesn't not index the view automatically
	// Verify storing the block does not index the view automatically. It would not be safe to
	// do that, since a byzantine leader might produce multiple proposals for the same view.

-		// index block by view
+		// Though, HotStuff guarantees that for each view at most one block is certified. Hence, we can index
+		// a block by its view _only_ once the block is certified. When a block is certified is decided by the
+		// higher-level consensus logic, which then triggers the indexing of the block by its view via a
+		// dedicated method call:

	err := transaction.WithTx(operation.SkipDuplicates(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent.View, qc.BlockID)))(tx)
	err := transaction.WithTx(operation.IndexCertifiedBlockByView(parent.View, qc.BlockID))(tx)

	// StoreTx allows us to store a new header, as part of a DB transaction, while still going through
	// storeTx allows us to store a new header, as part of a DB transaction, while still going through

[Chunk Data Pack Pruner] Add block view index #6933

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[Chunk Data Pack Pruner] Add block view index #6933

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