[fix] Fix parsing deeply nested parentheses causes MemoryError

ChangeLog

@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ What's New in astroid 4.0.0?
 ============================
 Release date: TBA
 
+* Prevent crash when parsing deeply nested parentheses causing MemoryError in python's built-in ast.
+
+  Closes #2643
+
 * Fix crash when inferring namedtuple with invalid field name looking like f-string formatting.
 
   Closes #2519

astroid/builder.py

@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ def _data_build(
             node, parser_module = _parse_string(
                 data, type_comments=True, modname=modname
             )
-        except (TypeError, ValueError, SyntaxError) as exc:
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, SyntaxError, MemoryError) as exc:
             raise AstroidSyntaxError(
                 "Parsing Python code failed:\n{error}",
                 source=data,

tests/test_regrtest.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # For details: https://github.com/pylint-dev/astroid/blob/main/LICENSE
 # Copyright (c) https://github.com/pylint-dev/astroid/blob/main/CONTRIBUTORS.txt
 
+import platform
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import unittest
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@
 from astroid.builder import AstroidBuilder, _extract_single_node, extract_node
 from astroid.const import PY312_PLUS
 from astroid.context import InferenceContext
-from astroid.exceptions import InferenceError
+from astroid.exceptions import AstroidSyntaxError, InferenceError
 from astroid.manager import AstroidManager
 from astroid.raw_building import build_module
 from astroid.util import Uninferable
@@ -561,3 +562,15 @@ def test_regression_infer_namedtuple_invalid_fieldname_error() -> None:
     node = extract_node(code)
     inferred = next(node.infer())
     assert inferred.value == Uninferable
+
+
+def test_regression_parse_deeply_nested_parentheses() -> None:
+    """Regression test for issue #2643."""
+    with pytest.raises(AstroidSyntaxError, match="Parsing Python code failed:") as ctx:
+        extract_node(
+            "A=((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((c,j=t"
+        )
+    expected = (
+        SyntaxError if platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy" else MemoryError
+    )
+    assert isinstance(ctx.value.error, expected)