NEML2 is an offshoot of NEML, an earlier material modeling code developed at Argonne National Laboratory. Like its predecessor, NEML2 provides a flexible, modular way to build material models from smaller blocks. Unlike its predecessor, NEML2 vectorizes the material update to efficiently run on GPUs. In addition, NEML2 models can use PyTorch as the backend to provide first-class support for automatic differentiation, operator fusion, lazy tensor evaluation, inference mode, etc.
NEML2 is provided as open source software under a MIT license.
Disclaimer
NEML2 is not a database of material models. There are many example material models in the library for testing and verification purposes. These models do not represent the response of any actual material.
Building should be as easy as cloning the repository, configuring with CMake, compiling with make, and installing with make install. Refer to the installation guide for more detailed instructions and finer control over various dependencies as well as other build customization.
NEML2 models can be vectorized, meaning that a large batch of material models can be evaluated simultaneously. The vectorized models can be evaluated on both CPU and GPU. Moreover, NEML2 provides a unified implementation and user interface, for both developers and end users, that work on all supported devices.
NEML2 is not tied to any underlying problem physics, e.g., solid mechanics, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, electromagnetics, etc. Current modules cover thermal and mechanical material models, but the framework can be used to implement a wider range of constitutive models. For coupled problems, NEML2 will return the exact, coupled Jacobian entries required to achieve optimal convergence.
NEML2 material models are modular – they are built up from smaller pieces into a complete model. NEML2 offers an extremely flexible way of composing models. Each individual model only defines the forward operator (and optionally its derivative) with a given set of inputs and outputs. When a set of models are composed together to form a composite model, dependencies among different models are automatically detected, registered, and resolved. The user has complete control over how NEML2 evaluates a set of models.
The library is structured so that adding a new feature to an existing material model should be as simple as possible and require as little code as possible. In line with this philosophy, the library only requires new components to provide a few partial derivatives, and NEML2 uses this information to automatically assemble the overall Jacobian using chain rule and provide the algorithmic tangent needed to integrate the model into an implicit finite element framework. Moreover, in NEML2, implementations can forgo providing these partial derivatives, and NEML2 will calculate them with automatic differentiation.
There are two general ways of interfacing with NEML2 material models: the compiled C++ library and the Python bindings. In both interfaces, creation and archival of NEML2 models rely on input files written in the hierarchical HIT format. NEML2 models created using the Pytbon bindings are fully compatible with PyTorch's automatic differentiation, meaning that NEML2 material models can seamlessly work with popular machine learning frameworks.
NEML2 is developed under a strict quality assurance program. Because the NEML2 distributions do not provide full, parameterized models for any actual materials, ensuring the quality of the library is a verification problem – testing to make sure that NEML2 is correctly implementing the mathematical models – rather than a validation problem of comparing the results of a model to an experiment. In NEML2, this verification is done with extensive unit testing. Additional regression tests are set up for each combination of material model to ensure result consistency across releases.