feat: allow client to be passed in to get qulit calibrations

[math411]

Description

In the case, of a user making calls from the SDK, there will be a missing client for accessing calibration data. The gRPC requests will fail.

Looking at usage of the qcs-sdk without the client passed in: https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Arigetti%2Fpyquil%20qcs_sdk&type=code

Adding in the client that is passed in to the object (or None as this is optional).

Checklist

• The PR targets the master branch
• The above description motivates these changes.
• The change is atomic and can be described by a single commit (your PR will be squashed on merge).
• All changes to code are covered via unit tests.
• Parameters and return values have type hints with PEP 484 syntax.
• Functions and classes have useful Sphinx-style docstrings.
• (New Feature) The docs have been updated accordingly.
• (Bugfix) The associated issue is referenced above using auto-close keywords.

[math411]

I did a pass over files with qcs_sdk. They all seem to have the client passed in but it is possible I have missed some other spot that makes use and misses the client.

[math411]

Seems that of the workflows are stuck - I may need some help getting these rolling again @MarquessV.

[MarquessV]

@math411 merged! Thanks for contributing to pyQuil!