refactor(error): use provide functionality from thiserror-ext to avoid patching thiserror

[BugenZhao]

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What's changed and what's your intention?

RW's codebase is using a forked git dep of thiserror 2.0.12 (#22304) for implementing the Error::provide for Postgres error code. However, maintaining it seems to be a burden.

This PR refactors the impl to use the extra_provide functionality from thiserror-ext, instead of modifying the expansion output of thiserror. As a result, a boxed new type is required for CatalogError.

Checklist

• I have written necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• I have added test labels as necessary.
• I have added fuzzing tests or opened an issue to track them.
• My PR contains breaking changes.
• My PR changes performance-critical code, so I will run (micro) benchmarks and present the results.
• I have checked the Release Timeline and Currently Supported Versions to determine which release branches I need to cherry-pick this PR into.

Documentation

• My PR needs documentation updates.

Release note

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