• Common error messages and problems
• What to do if you get stuck with R
  • 1. Read the R documentation before you ask
  • 2. Look for the answer on the web
    • Tips for searching
  • 3. How to ask a good question?
  • 4. How R can help you to ask a good question
    • 4.1 Include a minimal dataset with dput
    • 4.2 Include an example with runnable code using the reprex package
    • The other way around with reprex_clean()
    • Other ways to produce a reprex
  • 5. Some words on code style
    • Use styler on your reprex
• Further ressources
  • Good adresses for help and inspiration
• Acknowledgements

Common error messages and problems

Here are some of the most common errors that R beginners have to face:

1. Version of R or RStudio are too old

• Error message: Package is not compatible with your version or RStudio
• Solution: Update R or RStudio to the newest version

2. Syntax errors

• They are usually easy to find by reading the error message
• Common errors: forgot a comma, closing bracket is missing, …

3. R could not find function

• Error message: R could not find function ...
• Check if the package that contains the function is installed and loaded
• Check if the function name is written correctly. Did you e.g. write lenght(1:10) instead of length(1:10)?

4. Functions are masked

• There are some packages that have functions using the same name as functions in base R or in other packages. If you load one of these packages you will get a warning, telling you that a function is masked by a function from another package. If you call a masked function, the one from the package that was attached last will be used.
• Example: If you load the package dplyr, you will get the following warning:

The following objects are masked from ‘package:stats’: filter, lag

• To be clear which function you mean in this case, tell R which package it comes from: If you want to use the function filter, don’t just call filter() but call stats::filter() or dplyr::filter() to be clear about which filter function you mean.

5. Missing objects

• Error message: Error: object 'a' not found
• Check if the object name is correct (any typos?, capitalization?, …)
• Check if you are missing " or ' anywhere:
  • Example: If you want to create a character vector you have to call c('a','b','c') and not c(a,b,c)

6. Wrong data format

• Does not necessarily trigger an error message, but results/plots are looking wrong.
• Are the data imported correctly?
  • E.g. R sometimes automatically converts strings to factors when reading data.
• Check if your data has the right format with
  • str(data) (This is very useful: always check that if something goes wrong with your data analysis)
  • class(data)
  • head(data)
  • summary(data)

7. R crashes

• Sometimes R crashes and you have to restart R
• Be sure to save your scripts regularly!

8. The console only prints +

• Every time you try to execute a new statement the console only prints + but does not execute the statement
• Problem is that there are more open than closed brackets in your code. Therefore R is waiting for more input until all brackets are closed.
• Solution: Go to the console and hit Escape. Then you will see the > sign again which means that R is ready for new input.
• Before you execute new code, look for missing closing brackets in your code (usually this is already indicated with a red x on the left side of your script in RStudio).

9. Warnings

• Sometimes R warns you that your code produced a number of warnings, that you can read by calling the function warnings() in the console.
• Warnings do not always mean that you did something wrong. You also get warnings if you have NA values in your data, if a function is deprecated, …
• It is however important to read the warnings, understand them and only continue if you are sure that they don’t mean that something in your code is wrong.

What to do if you get stuck with R

It’s normal to get stuck on a problem where you need help from someone. Don’t worry! Online forums are the perfect place to ask your question. However, it is important to follow some guidelines for problem solving and question asking to make the whole experience more pleasant and productive.

Please read the following guide to get an idea of how to trouble-shoot R problems and where and how to get the best help. Also have a look at the file Example.R from this repository. You can download this script and try it out yourself.

1. Read the R documentation before you ask

Often, questions about how to use a particular function are solved by just reading the doc. To bring up the doc for a function in R, type ? followed by the function name to check the doc for the function, e.g.:

?mean # or
help(mean)

Some special functions start with a symbol instead of an alphabet. In such cases, wrap the function in backticks, e.g., to check the doc for the [ function:

?`[`
help(`[`)

2. Look for the answer on the web

Learning how to search for an answer on the internet is arguably one of the most important problem solving skills when programming. In most (if not all) cases, you are not the first one having a specific problem and others already posted questions about it on forums such as Stack Overflow. You just need to learn how to formulate a question and you will find the correct answer within the first hits from your search engine of choice.

So before asking on a forum yourself, try looking for an answer online.

Tips for searching

• If you got an error or warning search with keywords: R + function name + error message
• If you don’t know how to do something in R try searching
  • “How to …”, e.g. “R ggplot how to change axis title”
• Use RStudio and R in English. Then can easily copy and paste the error message from the console to your search engine and find answers
  • calling Sys.setenv(LANGUAGE='en') in the console should do the trick and change your messages to English
• Always search in English to get much more answers

3. How to ask a good question?

If you didn’t find the answer with any of the above mentioned methods, you can ask colleagues and friends or ask a question on a forum so that others can help you. You should ask your questions as clear as possible to minimize guesswork and make answering easy and effective.

To achieve this, a good question should contain the following:

• A clear problem statement: Provide all necessary details. What are you trying to do? What have you tried that didn’t work? What is your expected output?
• A minimal data set to demonstrate the problem
  • smallest data set necessary to reproduce the problem
  • Don’t describe your data without providing it!
• A minimal runnable code to reproduce the error/problem
  • All relevant code that everyone can just copy and paste into their R console and run with minimal modification.
• if necessary: information on the used packages, R version and system
• if you have a function with random processes: a fixed seed before your example starts (fix seeds by calling set.seed() function)

4. How R can help you to ask a good question

Luckily, there are nice R functions that help you create a reproducible example of your problem/question including data, plots and error messages that ensure that everyone can copy your example and rerun it in their own R sessions to see the problem for themselves.

Learning how to use these functions will make question asking and answering much easier. Reproducible examples are key to getting your questions answered fast, therefore it is worth to learn how to produce them from the very beginning.

4.1 Include a minimal dataset with dput

The easiest way to share your data is by using the dput command.

Basic:

• Copy and paste the output of dput(<your_data>)

More advanced (if your data is too large for dput):

• Create a gist with dput in it and provide the link (e.g. on Github, more info here)
• Create a pastebin with dput in it and provide the link

Example

Assume you are using the built-in data set mtcars for your analysis and you want to provide others with code that reproduces this data set. You can simply copy-paste the output code of dput along with your question and anyone can copy-paste this to their R session to reproduce the data set. If your data set is large, try to provide the minimum necessary to reproduce your problem. E.g. provide a subset with fewer columns and fewer rows.

# This is how the data looks like
mtcars[1:5, 1:2]
#>                    mpg cyl
#> Mazda RX4         21.0   6
#> Mazda RX4 Wag     21.0   6
#> Datsun 710        22.8   4
#> Hornet 4 Drive    21.4   6
#> Hornet Sportabout 18.7   8

# get code that generates the first five lines and first two columns your data set
dput(mtcars[1:5, 1:2])
#> structure(list(mpg = c(21, 21, 22.8, 21.4, 18.7), cyl = c(6, 
#> 6, 4, 6, 8)), row.names = c("Mazda RX4", "Mazda RX4 Wag", "Datsun 710", 
#> "Hornet 4 Drive", "Hornet Sportabout"), class = "data.frame")

4.2 Include an example with runnable code using the reprex package

The reprex package helps you turn your code into **{repr}**oducible **{ex}**amples.

Why should you use this package?

Because

• you never have to copy paste code from the RStudio Console again
• you don’t have to do the code formatting in another program
• talking about code is more productive when:
  • code actually runs: it’s annoying to fix the code before answering the question
  • code does not have to be run: people can often already see the mistake from code and output without running it themselves
  • code can easily be run

In which situations is this helpful?

• When asking a question on a forum, Stack Overflow, GitHub, …
• When asking a colleague or friend about some code issues that you have
• When you want to paste R code in a highlighted and formatted form somewhere else

How to create a reprex?

Before you get started, (install and load) the reprex package.

install.packages("reprex")
library(reprex)

Assume your code looks like the following and you want to know why it does not produce the output that you expected.

x <- factor("a")
y <- factor("b")
c(x,y)

To turn the code above into a reproducible example, you can simply copy the code from your R script to the clipboard and then call the reprex() function in the console. Then, the example will be rendered automatically and you will see the output in the Viewer Pane of R Studio or in the browser. Also, the content of your clipboard changed. If you now paste the content of your clipboard somewhere, you will see that it now contains your code including the output as formatted markdown. This can now be be pasted alongside your question e.g. on Github.

Not all platforms support this kind of markdown syntax and you can specify the platform to which the output of reprex should be tuned to. This is done by using the venue argument.

Also, I suggest you have a look at ?reprex to find out about all the other useful arguments that you can feed this function with.

Those are some of the options (note that here the code example is not copied to the clipboard but given directly as an argument to reprex. This is also possible):

# GitHub flavoured markdown (default) 
# this is also good for Discord, you only have to remove the white space between 
# the backticks and the r
# you can also include your session info with si = TRUE
# exclude the advertisement below the example with advertise = FALSE
# don't show the rendered output in RStudio or the browser with show = FALSE
reprex(mean(rnorm(100)),
       venue = "gh",
       si = TRUE,
       advertise = FALSE,
       show = FALSE)

# Stack Overflow
reprex(mean(rnorm(100)),
       venue = "so")

# commented R script (good for email or slack)
reprex(mean(rnorm(100)),
       venue = "r")

# raw html
reprex(mean(rnorm(100)),
       venue = "html")

# rtf (experimental, so far only really works on mac because you need the command line
# tool highlight installed)
# but it's perfect to create highlighted code snippets e.g. for powerpoint & co
# see also here if you want to use it (on Mac) https://reprex.tidyverse.org/articles/articles/rtf.html
reprex(mean(rnorm(100)),
       venue = "rtf")

If the code you want to talk about includes figures, reprex is even more useful. Assume your code looks like this:

library(ggplot2)

ggplot(cars, aes(x=dist, y=speed)) + 
  geom_point() + 
  geom_smooth(method = "lm")

If you now copy this code to the clipboard, call reprex() and paste it, you will see that the plot was also added to the markdown output. No need to add a png or your plot, make a screenshot or let people run the code themselves to see the output.

So which setup should be chosen for the discussion forum in Blackboard?

Unfortunately, neither the blackboard forum, nor the Webex meetings chat does support markdown formatting. If you use the forum, Webex chat or Email to share your code I therefore suggest to use venue = "r". This does not support syntax highlighting and does not include plots but it ensures that all the output of your code is included.

So a concrete example would be:

# This includes the session info and does not show the rendered reprex locally 
reprex(venue = "r", show = FALSE, si = TRUE)

If you want to include a plot in your reproducible example, I suggest you use venue = "html". So something like:

reprex(venue = "html", show = FALSE, si = TRUE)

A link to the image is included in the html and the plot will be shown below your code in the forum.

In the blackboard forum, you can include html code by clicking on the little HTML button in the editor. If you don’t see this button, you have to expand your toolbar, by clicking on the two arrows on the right. If you click on the HTML button, a window opens, where your post is shown in html format. Your can just past your reproducible example in there after inserting a new line.

The other way around with reprex_clean()

If you copy a code example e.g. from Stack Overflow and paste it into your R session to run it, you can use reprex to turn the example into runnable code without the output. Just copy the code (including comments of the answer) to the clipboard and run reprex_clean(). Now you can paste the clean code into your R-Script.

Other ways to produce a reprex

1. Use the Addin

If you installed the reprex package, have a look at your RStudio Addins. There, you will find a section for reprex with two option: Reprex selection and Render reprex:

You can highlight the code that you want to turn into a reprex and then click Reprex selection. This will render a reprex from your highlighted code. You can also highlight code and then use the Addin Render reprex which lets you specify source of the reprex, target venue etc instead of using the default values.

2. Use a keyboard shortcut

You can also bind the two functions Reprex selection and Render reprex to a keyboard shortcut of your choice. Then you neither have to click any button nor call a function to create a reprex. You can do that by going to Tools -> Modify Keyboard Shortcuts. Then filter the list with reprex and you can assign a keyboard shortcut of your choice (of course it has to be a shortcut unused by other functions).

3. Add reprex to your .Rprofile

If you use the reprex package often, and you don’t want to load it into your R session every time, adding reprex to your R profile. Then you don’t have to load it every time you need it. You can also change the default behavior of reprex there, if you e.g. always want to turn of the advertising.

Just add the following to your .Rprofile:

if (interactive()) {
  suppressMessages(require(reprex))
}

options(
  reprex.show = FALSE,
  reprex.advertise = FALSE,
  reprex.style = TRUE
)

You can locate your .Rprofile file by calling

file.path(Sys.getenv("HOME"), ".Rprofile")

You can also open up your .Rprofile using the function edit_r_profile() from the package usethis (I won’t go into detail here, but this is a very useful package, you should check it out):

usethis::edit_r_profile()

5. Some words on code style

If you share your code with others, it’s important that it is formatted in a readable way following good practice. There are different standards around, and this is not the place to talk about them. I just want to note, that there is an R package called styler which can apply different code style standards to your code.

It provides functions to style a section of your code, a whole file or even an entire directory. I suggest you install the package and have a look at it:

install.packages("styler")
library(styler)
?`styler-package`

When you installed the package, you will find an addin that you can use to format your code. You can select the code you want to style with the mouse and go to Addins->Style Selection and voilà, your code is styled nicely. By default, styler uses the style guide of the tidyverse (see here for more info) which is a pretty common and well thought through standard. If you are not sure which standard you want to use, this is a good default.

Like before with reprex, you can assign keyboard shortcuts to the styler functions. That way, it is very easy to select some code and quickly style it following the standard.

Use styler on your reprex

If you don’t want to style the code in your script, you should definitely consider styling the reproducible example that you provide. Fortunately, there is an argument style that you can pass into the reprex function that does that for you. Note that to use this, you need to install the styler package first.

reprex(venue = "r", show = FALSE, si = TRUE, style = TRUE)

Now the reprex on your clipboard will be styled according to the tidyverse style guide.

Further ressources

• more on how to make great reproducible examples in R here
• great intro to the reprex package by Jenny Bryan in this video video
• Github repository of the styler package
• What they forgot to teach you about R, book by Jenny Bryan and Jim Hester

Good adresses for help and inspiration

• Stack Overflow: Probably the most famous forum for questions
• RBloggers: Many tutorials
• DiscoRd: Discord server where you can ask questions, find resources and chat with other R users about R Stuff
• If you are a twitter user, you can follow the #rstats hashtag

Acknowledgements

Thanks to @AnneLew and the person behind the readme docs of the DiscoRd server for providing much of the material presented.