Use Docker cache mounts for Apt lists

[EzraBrooks]

I've added

--mount=type=cache,target=/var/cache/apt,sharing=locked \
--mount=type=cache,target=/var/lib/apt,sharing=locked \

in front of every operation that modifies the Apt lists. This ensures that the Apt lists will not end up in the layers and in the final image, while preserving the lists between operations so it doesn't slow down the build.

[mkhansenbot]

Thanks for doing this. However, I rebased my branch onto this one and tested it and the build is still taking too much disk space.
https://github.com/space-ros/docker/actions/runs/5658295848

[EzraBrooks]

Very odd. we can probably try using the disk space workaround in upstream moveit2. but I don't find I need that on MoveIt Studio, which itself source-builds moveit2..

[mkhansenbot]

Do we still want this PR?

[EzraBrooks]

I think so, but not urgently

[mkhansenbot]

Can you rebase the branch onto main and then we can see it pass the build?

[EzraBrooks]

List directory /var/lib/apt/lists/partial is missing. - Acquire (2: No such file or directory)

haven't seen this one before even though I use this strategy in all my projects.. will poke at it

[EzraBrooks]

Revisiting this, it seems like CI passes. This is actually probably ready for review!

[EzraBrooks]

Add a comment to first occurrence in each Dockerfile explaining why this is good, also add a doc in a README (in main docs repo?)

[Bckempa]

This is all fine, we really need to review all these Dockerfiles for a few reasons but that's well out of scope.