Update lessons 11 and 12

_lessons/11/index.md

@@ -1,78 +1,81 @@
 ---
-title: 'Héıshıko chıetoaı'
+title: 'Chíetoaı kọheıshı'
+delta: true
 ---
-# **Héıshıko chıetoaı** -- Lesson 11
+# **Chíetoaı kọheıshı** -- Lesson 11
 
 <audio id="mainaudio" controls src="lesson.mp3"></audio>
 
 {: .sentences}
 | **Koa da.** | It's cold. |
-| **Du bîa súq da. Tıshue súq núofua ba.** [①](#fn-1) **Jıa bâi jí baq chaı nha.** [②](#fn-2) | It seems like you are sick. You should stay in bed. I will make tea.  |
-| **Kuaq kıe ka.** | Thank you. |
-| **Enı. Loq cháı da. Pıe ba.** | Here. The tea is hot. Drink. |
-| **Jaq lôq da.** | It is very hot. |
-| **Ma noqgı moq? Pu tûa jí nîe baq matu chái da.** [③](#fn-3) | Is it delicious? I put honey in the tea. |
-| **Gı da.** | It's good. |
-| **Ma shao súq bâı jí baq tuzy moq?** | Do you want me to make soup? |
-| **Chuqkuaı bũ jí da...** [④](#fn-4) **Jaq lôi jí baq koacao da. [⑤](#fn-5) Shao jí cêo lóqcao da.**  | I'm not hungry... I really hate winter. I want the summer to begin. |
-| **Lao súq rôe súq ba. Jıa bâi múy baq nıaopoq ba.** [⑥](#fn-6) | Wait until you are well. We will build a snow figure. |
-| **Gı sío da.** | That is a good idea. |
-| **Tu cao bı paq sa gı cáo da. Naı sêa súq ba.** [⑦](#fn-7) | Every season has good parts. Now rest. |
-| **Kuaq kıe ka. Jaq pâı súq da.** | Thank you. You are a very good friend. |
+| **Du, ꝡä bıa súq da. Tıshue súq núofua ba.** [①](#fn-1) **Jıa bai jí báq chaı nha.** [②](#fn-2) | It seems like you are sick. You should stay in bed. I will make tea.  |
+| **Kıjı.** | Thank you. |
+| **Enı. Loq cháı ꝡo. Pıe súq máq ba.** | Here. The tea is hot. Drink it. |
+| **Jaq loq máq da.** [③](#fn-3) | It is very hot. |
+| **Ma noqgı máq móq? Pu tua jí, ꝡä nıe báq matu chái da.** [④](#fn-4) | Is it delicious? I put honey in the tea. |
+| **Gı máq da.** | It's good. |
+| **Ma shao súq, ꝡä baı jí báq tuze móq?** | Do you want me to make soup? |
+| **Bu chuqkuaı jí da...** [⑤](#fn-5) **Jaq loi jí báq koacao da. [⑥](#fn-6) Aojaı jí, ꝡä ceo lóqcao da.**  | I'm not hungry... I really hate winter. I want the summer to begin. |
+| **Lao súq, ꝡä roe súq ba. Jıa bai íme báq nıaopoq ba.** [⑦](#fn-7) | Wait until you are well. We will build a snow figure. |
+| **Gı sío da.** | (That) idea is good. |
+| **Tú cao nä paq sá gı cáo da. Naı sea súq ba.** [⑧](#fn-8) | Every season has good parts. Now rest. |
+| **Kıjı. Jaq paı súq da.** | Thank you. You are a very good friend. |
 
 ## Notes
 
 1. <a name="fn-1" /> **nuofua** "to be a bed" has the familiar component **nuo** "to be asleep", and **fua** "to be a piece of furniture".
 
-2. <a name="fn-2" /> **Jıa** "to be the case in the future" is the verb that expresses the future tense. **Jıa fâ jí** "It will be the case [that I go]", or simply "I will go". **baq chaı** "tea in general", as opposed to any particular instance of tea, is used in **Baı jí baq chaı** "I make tea" because the (finished) tea does not exist prior to making it. **nha** is a new sentence-ending particle that indicates a promise.
+2. <a name="fn-2" /> **Jıa** comes before a verb and expresses the future tense. **Jıa fa jí** "I will go". **báq chaı** "tea in general", as opposed to any particular instance of tea, is used in **Baı jí baq chaı** "I make tea" because the (finished) tea does not exist prior to making it. **nha** is a new sentence-ending particle that indicates a promise.
 
-3. <a name="fn-3" /> **Pu** "to be the case in the past", is the verb that expresses the past tense. **Pu fâ jí** "I went".
+3. <a name="fn-3" /> **Jaq** is a verb meaning "to be very much the case". It can come before another verb to mean "very", as in **jaq loq** "very hot". We'll learn more about how this works later.
 
-4. <a name="fn-4" /> The compound **chuqkuaı** has the familiar component **chuq** "to eat", and the component **kuaı** "to long or hunger for", which also appeared in the word **seakuai** "to be exhausted" ("to need rest") in lesson 4. Additional examples would be **pıekuaı** "to be thirsty" and **nuokuaı** "to be tired".
+4. <a name="fn-4" /> **Pu** comes before a verb and expresses the past tense. **Pu fa jí** "I went".
 
-5. <a name="fn-5" /> **baq koacao** "winter, in general". The words for summer and winter are **loqcao**, from **loq** "to be hot" + **cao** "to be a season", and **koacao**, from **koa** "to be cold" + **cao** "to be a season" respectively.
+5. <a name="fn-5" /> The compound **chuqkuaı** has the familiar component **chuq** "to eat", and the component **kuaı** "to long or hunger for", which also appeared in the word **seakuai** "to be exhausted" ("to need rest") in lesson 4. Additional examples would be **pıekuaı** "to be thirsty" and **nuokuaı** "to be tired".
 
-6. <a name="fn-6" /> **nıaopoq** "to be a snow figure", from **nıao** "to be snow" and **poq** "to be a person".
+6. <a name="fn-6" /> **báq koacao** "winter, in general". The words for summer and winter are **loqcao**, from **loq** "to be hot" + **cao** "to be a season", and **koacao**, from **koa** "to be cold" + **cao** "to be a season" respectively.
 
-7. <a name="fn-7" /> **Naı** "to be the case now" is the verb that expresses the present tense. **Naı fâ jí** "I go (now)".
+7. <a name="fn-7" /> **nıaopoq** "to be a snow figure", from **nıao** "to be snow" and **poq** "to be a person".
+
+8. <a name="fn-8" /> **Naı** expresses the present tense. **Naı fa jí** "I go (now)".
 
 ## Exercises
 
 ### Translate:
 
 - <audio controls src="ex1.mp3"></audio>
-  **Ma noqgı mátu moq?**
+  **Ma noqgı mátu móq?**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"Is the honey delicious?"</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex2.mp3"></audio>
-  **Koa túzy da.**
+  **Koa túze da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"The soup is cold."</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex3.mp3"></audio>
-  **Shao jí pîe súq cháı da.**
+  **Aojaı jí, ꝡä pıe súq cháı da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"I want you to drink the tea."</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex4.mp3"></audio>
-  **Lao súq hı raı moq?**
+  **Lao súq hí raı móq?**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"What are you waiting for?"</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex5.mp3"></audio>
-  **Naı bîa súq da. Keo jıa rôe súq da.**
+  **Naı bıa súq da. Kéo jıa roe súq da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"Now you are sick. But in the future, you will be well."</span>
 
 ### Fill in the blanks:
 
 - "I drank the tea."
-  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Pu</span> pîe jí <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>cháı</span> da.**
+  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Pu</span> pıe jí <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>cháı</span> da.**
 
 - "We like winter."
-  **Cho <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>míy</span> baq <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>koacao</span> da.**
+  **Cho <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>íme</span> báq <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>koacao</span> da.**
 
 - "The tea is cold. But the soup is hot."
-  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Koa</span> cháı da. Keo <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>loq</span> túzy da.**
+  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Koa</span> cháı da. Kéo <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>loq</span> túze da.**
 
 - "I will go to a friend."
-  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Jıa</span> fâ jí sa <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>paı</span> da.**
+  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Jıa</span> fa jí sá <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>paı</span> da.**
 
 - "Wait for me to be home."
-  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Lao</span> súq <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>tî</span> jí búe <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>ba</span>.**
+  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Lao</span> súq, ꝡä <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>tı</span> jí búe <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>ba</span>.**

_lessons/12/index.md

@@ -1,31 +1,32 @@
 ---
-title: 'Héıguko chıetoaı'
+title: 'Chíetoaı kọheıgu'
+delta: true
 ---
-# **Héıguko chıetoaı** -- Lesson 12
+# **Chíetoaı kọheıgu** -- Lesson 12
 
 <audio id="mainaudio" controls src="lesson.mp3"></audio>
 
 {: .sentences}
-| **Duashao jí sa raı da. Ma jeo lâ baq elu bı guosıa môaqshaı hó moq?** [①](#fn-1)[②](#fn-2) | There is something I want to know. Is it true that elephants never forget? |
-| **Dua bũ jí mâ jeo hóq da.** [③](#fn-3) | I don't know whether that's true. |
-| **Je ma jeo lâ míao bı nıe sa poq míao moq?** [④](#fn-4) | And is it true that, as for the moon, some people are inside it? |
-| **Chı bũ jí hóq da.** | I don't believe that. |
-| **Je ma baq nınıbuı bı tı hó sa rıaq moq?** | And as for aliens, are they somewhere? |
-| **Daı hóq da. Jaq sâo jíaq da.** | That's possible. The world is very big. |
-| **Je pu rûaq sa poq jîq baq aıpu da.** [②](#fn-2) **Mıu súq hı raı moq?** | Some people said that ghosts exist. What do you think? |
-| **Sa raı bı dua sıa poq ráı da. Jí bı mıu jí lâ baq aıpu bı daı jîq hó da.** [⑤](#fn-5) | There are things which nobody knows. As for me, I think that it's possible that ghosts exist. |
-| **M̉. Je ma beı *sa* raı bı dua súq ráı moq?** | Okay. Is there *anything* you do know? |
-| **Dua jí pûı téoq da. Naı tûa súq rîa kíao ba. Pıkuaı jí da!** [⑥](#fn-6) | I know that those were a lot of questions. Now open the door. I have to pee! |
+| **Duashao jí sá raı da. Ma juna, ꝡä báq elu bï guosıa, ꝡä moaqshaı hó móq?** [①](#fn-1)[②](#fn-2) | There is something I want to know. Is it true that elephants never forget? |
+| **Bu dua jí, mä juna hóq da.** [③](#fn-3) | I don't know whether that's true. |
+| **Je ma juna, ꝡä míao bï nıe sá poq míao móq?** | And is it true that, as for the moon, some people are inside it? |
+| **Sahu, ꝡä chı béı *sá* poq hóq da.** [④](#fn-4) | It's not the case that *anyone* believes that. |
+| **Je ma báq nuımpoq bï tı hó sá rıaq móq?** | And as for aliens, are they somewhere? |
+| **Daı juna hóq da. Jaq sao jíaq da.** | That's possible. The world is very big. |
+| **Je pu ruaq sá poq, ꝡä jıq báq aıpu da.** [②](#fn-2) **Mıu súq hí raı móq?** | Some people said that ghosts exist. What do you think? |
+| **Sá raı nä dua sía poq ráı da. Jí bï mıu jí, ꝡä báq aıpu bï daı jıq hó da.** [⑤](#fn-5) | There are things which nobody knows. As for me, I think that it's possible that ghosts exist. |
+| **Ina. Je ma béı *sá* raı nä dua súq ráı móq?** | Okay. Is there *anything* you do know? |
+| **Dua jí, ꝡä puı téoq da. Naı tua súq, ꝡä rıa kíao ba. Pıkuaı jí da!** [⑥](#fn-6) | I know that those were a lot of questions. Now open the door. I have to pee! |
 
 ## Notes
 
-1. <a name="fn-1" /> This lesson introduces the word **lâ**. **lâ** could be described as the long form of the rising-falling tone ![](../tones/t5.png). Instead of using the rising-falling tone directly on a verb, it is also possible to use **lâ** to start a content clause. The meaning is identical to a bare rising-falling tone ![](../tones/t5.png): **Dua jí shîe súq** "I know that you are awake" can also be expressed as the equivalent **Dua jí lâ shıe súq**. The latter parallels **mâ** in structure. The main purpose of **lâ** is to allow content clauses that begin with a noun in topic position, such as **lâ jí bı jaı jí** "that, as for me, I'm happy". **lâ** can only be replaced by a bare rising-falling tone when the content clause begins with a verb.
+1. <a name="fn-1" /> The word **juna** means "to be true". In this sentence, we see that a subclause can have a topic: **ꝡä báq elu bï …**
 
 2. <a name="fn-2" /> We encounter two new long roots in this lesson: **elu** "to be an elephant", and **aıpu** "to be a ghost".
 
-3. <a name="fn-3" /> This is another example of **mâ** "whether", creating an indirect *whether*-question. **hoq** is another pronoun, which means "that", referring to a case or situation that was just mentioned. **mâ jeo hóq** "whether that is true".
+3. <a name="fn-3" /> This is another example of **mä** "whether", creating an indirect *whether*-question. **hóq** is another pronoun, which means "that", referring to a case or situation that was just mentioned. **mä juna hóq** "whether that is true".
 
-4. <a name="fn-4" /> Another example of **lâ**. The structure is the same as before: **lâ**, then the topic noun followed by **bı**, followed by the verb and its nouns.
+4. <a name="fn-4" /> The word **sahu** means "to be false". Unlike **bu**, it's a verb. With **sahu**, we can negate an entire clause instead of just a verb: here, **bu chı sá poq hóq da** would mean "some people don't believe it".
 
 5. <a name="fn-5" /> This might be the longest and most complex sentence so far, but it's really just a combination of familiar patterns.
 
@@ -36,38 +37,38 @@ title: 'Héıguko chıetoaı'
 ### Translate:
 
 - <audio controls src="ex1.mp3"></audio>
-  **Ma jeo chô súq baq elu moq?**
+  **Ma juna, ꝡä cho súq báq elu móq?**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"Is it true that you like elephants?"</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex2.mp3"></audio>
-  **Bu lâ tu kato bı kuo hó da.**
+  **Sahu, ꝡä tú kato nä kuo hó da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"It's not true that every cat is black."</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex3.mp3"></audio>
-  **Du pîkuaı súq da.**
+  **Du, ꝡä pıkuaı súq da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"It seems like you have to pee."</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex4.mp3"></audio>
-  **Ruaq súq sa jeo ba.**
+  **Ruaq súq sá juna da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"You said something true."</span>
 
 - <audio controls src="ex5.mp3"></audio>
-  **Chı hó jîq baq aıpu da.**
+  **Chı hó, ꝡä jıq báq aıpu da.**
   <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>"They believe that ghosts exist."</span>
 
 ### Fill in the blanks:
 
 - "They said that every dog is a friend."
-  **Pu <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>rûaq</span> hó <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>lâ</span> tu kune bı <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>paı</span> hó da.**
+  **Pu <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>ruaq</span> hó, <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>ꝡä</span> tú kune nä <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>paı</span> hó da.**
 
 - "I want to know whether you like apples."
-  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Duashao</span> jí <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>mâ</span> baq shamu <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>bı</span> cho súq <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>máq</span> da.**
+  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Duashao</span> jí, <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>mä</span> báq shamu <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>bï</span> cho súq <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>máq</span> da.**
 
 - "I hope that that's true."
-  **Zaı jí <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>jêo</span> hóq da.**
+  **Zaı jí, ꝡä <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>juna</span> hóq da.**
 
-- "Never did I see a ghost."
-  **Guosıa pû <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>lâ</span> sa <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>aıpu</span> bı <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>kaqgaı</span> jí hó da.**
+- "I claimed I saw a ghost."
+  **Pu ruaq jí, <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>ꝡä</span> sá <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>aıpu</span> nä <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>kaqgaı</span> jí hó da.**
 
 - "It's not the case that the elephant is inside the building."
-  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Bu</span> nîe <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>élu</span> jío da.**
+  **<span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>Sahu</span>, ꝡä nıe <span class="spoiler" tabindex=0>élu</span> jío da.**