unikraft-cloud · razvand · Mar 19, 2026 · Mar 9, 2026
diff --git a/chromium-cdp/README.md b/chromium-cdp/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# Chromium CDP
+
+This example uses Chromium, a headless browser exposing a [CDP (Chrome DevTools Protocol)](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/) websocket interface.
+
+To run this example, follow these steps:
+
+1. Install the `kraft` CLI tool and a container runtime engine, for example [Docker](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/).
+
+1. Clone the examples repository and `cd` into the `examples/chromium-cdp/` directory:
+
+   ```console
+   git clone https://github.com/unikraft-cloud/examples
+   cd examples/chromium-cdp/
+   ```
+
+1. Make sure to log into Unikraft Cloud by setting your token and a metro close to you.
+   This guide uses `fra` (Frankfurt, DE):
+
+   ```console
+   export UKC_TOKEN=token
+   # Set metro to Frankfurt, 🇩🇪
+   export UKC_METRO=fra
+   ```
+
+1. When done, deploy this app on Unikraft Cloud.
+   You can run the deploy script (which builds an erofs root filesystem and deploys it):
+
+   ```console
+   ./deploy.sh
+   ```
+
+   The output shows the instance address and other details.
+
+   ```ansi
+   [●] Deployed successfully!
+   │
+   ├─────── name: chromium-cdp-d0l6y
+   ├─────── uuid: debe81b0-8418-4e01-b795-b3546e0e5aac
+   ├────── state: starting
+   ├───── domain: https://spring-dream-p5wxwwl0.fra.unikraft.app
+   ├────── image: chromium-cdp@sha256:9e22546a9234efbd586b3cc3ff2ab71d64b56e87b8af431a3dfffd4aff274cc3
+   ├───── memory: 4096 MiB
+   ├──── service: spring-dream-p5wxwwl0
+   ├─ private ip: 10.0.4.141
+   └─────── args: /usr/bin/wrapper.sh /usr/bin/node /app/proxy.js
+   ```
+
+   In this case, the instance name is `chromium-cdp-d0l6y` and the address is `https://spring-dream-p5wxwwl0.fra.unikraft.app`. They're different for each run.
+
+1. To query the service you need to use a CDP client.
+   You can use the Python-based implementation in the `test/` directory.
+
+1. You can list information about the instance by running:
+
+   ```console
+   kraft cloud instance list
+   ```
+
+1. When done, you can remove the instance:
+
+   ```console
+   kraft cloud instance remove <instance-name>
+   ```
+
+## Learn more
+
+- [CDP Documentation](https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/)
+- [Unikraft Cloud's Documentation](https://unikraft.cloud/docs/)
+- [Building `Dockerfile` Images with `Buildkit`](https://unikraft.org/guides/building-dockerfile-images-with-buildkit)
+
+Use the `--help` option for detailed information on using Unikraft Cloud:
+
+```console
+kraft cloud --help
+```
+
+Or visit the [CLI Reference](https://unikraft.org/docs/cli/reference).
diff --git a/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/.dockerignore b/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/.dockerignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/node_modules/
+/.unikraft/
+/.rootfs/
+/*.png
diff --git a/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/.gitignore b/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/node_modules/
+/.unikraft/
+/.rootfs/
+/*.png
+/initrd
diff --git a/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/Dockerfile b/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+FROM debian:bookworm AS build
+
+ARG NODE_VERSION=22.8.0
+
+RUN set -xe; \
+    apt-get -yqq update; \
+    apt-get -yqq install \
+        libcups2 \
+        libnss3 \
+        libatk1.0-0 \
+        libnspr4 \
+        libpango1.0-0 \
+        libasound2 \
+        libatspi2.0-0 \
+        libxdamage1 \
+        libatk-bridge2.0-0 \
+        libxkbcommon0 \
+        libdrm2 \
+        libxcomposite1 \
+        libxfixes3 \
+        libxrandr2 \
+        libgbm1 \
+        libnss3; \
+    apt-get -yqq install \
+        ca-certificates \
+        curl \
+        build-essential \
+        libssl-dev \
+        git \
+    ;
+
+RUN set -xe; \
+    curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_${NODE_VERSION%%.*}.x | bash -; \
+    apt-get -yqq install nodejs \
+    ;
+
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY package* .
+
+RUN set -xe; \
+    npm install \
+    ;
+
+# Strip some binaries
+RUN cd /root/.cache/ms-playwright/chromium-*/chrome-linux; \
+    strip chrome \
+          chrome_crashpad_handler \
+          chrome_sandbox \
+          chrome-wrapper \
+          libEGL.so \
+          libGLESv2.so \
+          libvk_swiftshader.so \
+          libvulkan.so.1 \
+          xdg-mime \
+          xdg-settings \
+    ; \
+    cd /root/.cache/ms-playwright/chromium_headless_shell-*/chrome-linux; \
+    strip chrome \
+          headless_shell \
+          libEGL.so \
+          libGLESv2.so \
+          libvk_swiftshader.so \
+          libvulkan.so.1 \
+    ; \
+    strip /usr/bin/node \
+    ;
+
+RUN mkdir /home/tmp
+
+FROM scratch
+
+# Create required directories.
+COPY --from=build /home/tmp /tmp
+
+# Chrome binary
+COPY --from=build /root/.cache/ms-playwright /root/.cache/ms-playwright
+
+# Chrome libraries
+COPY --from=build /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgobject-2.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libglib-2.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss3.so \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnssutil3.so \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsmime3.so \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnspr4.so \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libatk-1.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libatk-bridge-2.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcups.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgio-2.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdrm.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libexpat.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxcb.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxkbcommon.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libatspi.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libX11.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXcomposite.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXdamage.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXext.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXfixes.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrandr.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgbm.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpango-1.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcairo.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasound.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libffi.so.8 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre2-8.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libplc4.so \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libplds4.so \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libavahi-common.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libavahi-client.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgnutls.so.30 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmount.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsystemd.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXau.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXdmcp.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXi.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrender.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libwayland-server.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libfribidi.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libthai.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libharfbuzz.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpixman-1.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libfontconfig.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libfreetype.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpng16.so.16 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxcb-shm.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libxcb-render.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libkrb5.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libk5crypto.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcom_err.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libkrb5support.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libp11-kit.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libidn2.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libunistring.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtasn1.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnettle.so.8 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libhogweed.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgmp.so.10 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libblkid.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcap.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcrypt.so.20 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblzma.so.5 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libzstd.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblz4.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbsd.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdatrie.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgraphite2.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbrotlidec.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libkeyutils.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libresolv.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgpg-error.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmd.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbrotlicommon.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXcomposite.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXfixes.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libXrandr.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgbm.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/
+
+# Other Chrome-related libraries
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsoftokn3.so \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libsqlite3.so.0 \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libudev.so.1 \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libfreebl3.so \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libfreeblpriv3.so \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libudev.so.1.7.5 \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnssckbi.so \
+                  /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/
+
+# Node binary
+COPY --from=build /usr/bin/node /usr/bin/node
+
+# System libraries
+COPY --from=build /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbrotlidec.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbrotlienc.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnghttp2.so.14 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libssl.so.3 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libicui18n.so.72 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libicuuc.so.72 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libbrotlicommon.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libicudata.so.72 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/librt.so.1 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproc2.so.0 \
+                  /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/
+
+COPY --from=build /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
+COPY --from=build /etc/ld.so.cache /etc/ld.so.cache
+
+# Dbus and system files
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/dbus-1.0 /usr/lib/dbus-1.0
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/systemd /usr/lib/systemd
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d /usr/lib/tmpfiles.d
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/sysusers.d /usr/lib/sysusers.d
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/sysctl.d /usr/lib/sysctl.d
+
+# Data files
+COPY --from=build /usr/share/fonts /usr/share/fonts
+
+COPY --from=build /run /run
+
+# Distro definition
+COPY --from=build /etc/os-release /etc/os-release
+COPY --from=build /usr/lib/os-release /usr/lib/os-release
+
+# Configuration files
+COPY --from=build /etc /etc
+
+# Required by wrapper script
+COPY --from=build /bin/sh /bin/sh
+
+# Required by Playwright / Chrome
+COPY --from=build /usr/bin/ps /usr/bin/ps
+
+# Node application, including Playwright.
+COPY --from=build /app /app
+
+# Actual server implementation
+COPY ./proxy.js /app/proxy.js
+
+# Wrapper script set environment
+COPY ./wrapper.sh /usr/bin/wrapper.sh
diff --git a/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/Kraftfile b/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/Kraftfile
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+spec: v0.6
+
+runtime: base-compat:latest
+
+labels:
+  cloud.unikraft.v1.instances/scale_to_zero.policy: "idle"
+  cloud.unikraft.v1.instances/scale_to_zero.stateful: "true"
+  cloud.unikraft.v1.instances/scale_to_zero.cooldown_time_ms: 1000
+
+#rootfs: ./Dockerfile
+rootfs: ./initrd
+
+cmd: ["/usr/bin/wrapper.sh", "/usr/bin/node", "/app/proxy.js"]
diff --git a/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/Makefile b/chromium-cdp/chromium-cdp/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+DOCKERFILE ?= Dockerfile
+IMAGE_NAME ?= playwright-chromium-cdp
+CONTAINER_NAME ?= cnt-$(IMAGE_NAME)
+CMD ?= /usr/bin/wrapper.sh /usr/bin/node /app/proxy.js
+PORT_MAPPING = 8081:8080
+
+build:
+	docker build -f $(DOCKERFILE) -t $(IMAGE_NAME) .
+
+run_anon: build
+	docker run --rm -p $(PORT_MAPPING) --interactive --tty $(IMAGE_NAME) $(CMD)
+
+create: build
+	-docker container inspect $(CONTAINER_NAME) > /dev/null 2>&1 || docker create --name $(CONTAINER_NAME) -p $(PORT_MAPPING) --tty $(IMAGE_NAME) $(CMD)
+
+run: create
+	-test "$(shell docker container inspect -f '{{{{.State.Running}}}}' $(CONTAINER_NAME) 2> /dev/null)" = "false" || docker exec --interactive --tty $(CONTAINER_NAME) $(CMD) && docker start --interactive $(CONTAINER_NAME)
+
+stop:
+	-test "$(shell docker container inspect -f '{{{{.State.Running}}}}' $(CONTAINER_NAME) 2> /dev/null)" = "true" && docker stop $(CONTAINER_NAME)
+
+clean: stop
+	-docker container inspect $(CONTAINER_NAME) > /dev/null 2>&1 && docker rm $(CONTAINER_NAME)
+
+export: clean create cleanfs
+	mkdir rootfs
+	docker export $(CONTAINER_NAME) | tar -x -C rootfs
+
+export_build: clean
+	mkdir rootfs
+	docker build -o rootfs -f $(DOCKERFILE) .
+
+rootfs: export
+
+rootfs.cpio: rootfs
+	cd rootfs/ && find -depth -print | tac | bsdcpio -o --format newc > ../rootfs.cpio
+
+initrd: rootfs.cpio
+
+cleanfs:
+	-test -d rootfs && rm -fr rootfs
+
+.PHONY: build build run_anon create run stop clean export initrd cleanfs