Apple IIc / //e / ][+ emulator in Rust

What is this?

This is Apple ][ and Apple //e emulator written entirely in Rust, SDL and HTML5.

Features in the emulator

• 6502 / 65C02 cycle accurate emulation
• Passed Klaus Dormann 6502, 65c02 and decimal tests
• Passed Tom Harte Processor Test for 6502 (valid opcodes) and 65c02
• Disk II interface for floppy disk drives
• File Format supported (dsk, po, nib, woz version 1 and version 2.x including Flux image, hdv, 2mg)
• Language Card for Apple ][+
• Mockingboard support at Slot 4 and Slot 5
• Parallel printer card
• Apple IIe Extended 80-Column Text Card
• RGB cards: Apple's Extended 80-Column Text/AppleColor Adaptor Card
• 60 Hz / 50Hz display mode support
• Video Scanline mode
• Support for Vapor-lock cycle counting demos e.g. megademo, mad2
• NTSC emulation supported
• Z80 Emulation
• Hard Disk support
• Tape Support (Only PCM, 8-bit and mono channel)
• Uthernet II support for TCP client application (e.g. A2Stream)
• Support for RamFactor 1 MiB and RamWorks III up to 8 MiB
• Support for Apple //c (Rom FF, 00, 3, 4, 5)

Usage

• To run the emulator

  emu6502 [FLAGS] [disk 1] [disk 2]

  Disk formatted supported are dsk, po, nib, WOZ, hdv and 2mg. Dsk, po, nib and WOZ images in GZIP format is also supported.

• To run Z80 CPM images

  emu6502 --s4 z80 [CPM image]

• emu6502 --help will display:

    emu6502 0.9.1 (f8379fd591d235ad65f39a6dcf4d137c3b8f0f76)
  
    USAGE:
        emu6502 [FLAGS] [disk 1] [disk 2]
  
    FLAGS:
        -h, --help         Prints help information
        -V, --version      Prints version information
        --50hz             Enable 50 Hz emulation
        --nojoystick       Disable joystick
        --xtrim            Set joystick x-trim value
        --ytrim            Set joystick y-trim value
        --swapbuttons      Swap the paddle 0 and paddle 1 buttons
        -r no of pages     Emulate RAMworks III card with 1 to 127 pages
        --rf size          Ramfactor memory size in KB
        -m, --model MODEL  Set apple 2 model.
                           Valid value: apple2p,apple2e,apple2ee,apple2c,apple2c0,
                                        apple2c3,apple2c4,apple2cp
        --d1 PATH          Set the file path for disk 1 drive at Slot 6 Drive 1
        --d2 PATH          Set the file path for disk 2 drive at Slot 6 Drive 2
        --h1 PATH          Set the file path for hard disk 1
        --h2 PATH          Set the file path for hard disk 2
        --s1 device        Device slot 1
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --s2 device        Device slot 2
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --s3 device        Device slot 3
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --s4 device        Device slot 4
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --s5 device        Device slot 5
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --s6 device        Device slot 6
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --s7 device        Device slot 7
                           Value: none,harddisk,mboard,z80,mouse,parallel,ramfactor,
                                  diskii,diskii13,saturn
        --weakbit rate     Set the random weakbit error rate (Default is 0.3)
        --opt_timing rate  Override the optimal timing (Default is 32)
        --rgb              Enable RGB mode (Default: RGB mode disabled)
        --mboard 0|1|2     Number of mockingboards in Slot 4 and/or Slot 5
        --luma bandwidth   NTSC Luma B/W (Valid value: 0-7159090, Default: 2300000)
        --chroma bandwidth NTSC Chroma B/W (Valid value: 0-7159090, Default: 600000)
        --capslock off     Turns off default capslock
        --mac_lc_dlgr      Turns on Mac LC DLGR emulation
        --scale ratio      Scale the graphics by ratio (Default is 2.0)
        --z80_cirtech      Enable Z80 Cirtech address translation
        --saturn           Enable Saturn memory (Only available in Apple 2+)
        --dongle model     Enable dongle
                           Value: speedstar, hayden, codewriter, robocom500,
                                  robocom1000, robocom1500
        --interface name   Set the interface name for Uthernet2
                           Default is None. For e.g. eth0
  
    ARGS:
        [disk 1]           Disk 1 file (woz, dsk, do, po file). File can be in gz format
        [disk 2]           Disk 2 file (woz, dsk, do, po file). File can be in gz format
  
    Function Keys:
        Ctrl-Shift-F1      Display emulation speed
        Ctrl-Shift-F2      Disassemble current instructions
        Ctrl-Shift-F3      Dump track sector information
        Ctrl-Shift-F4      Dump disk WOZ information
        Ctrl-F1            Eject Disk 1
        Ctrl-F2            Eject Disk 2
        Ctrl-F3            Save state in YAML file
        Ctrl-F4            Load state from YAML file
        Ctrl-F5            Disable / Enable video scanline mode
        Ctrl-F6            Disable / Enable audio filter
        Ctrl-F7            Disable / Enable color burst for 60 Hz display
        Ctrl-F7            Load Tape
        Ctrl-F8            Eject Tape
        Ctrl-F10           Eject Hard Disk 1
        Ctrl-F11           Eject Hard Disk 2
        Ctrl-PrintScreen   Save screenshot as screenshot.png
        Shift-Insert       Paste clipboard text to the emulator
        F1                 Load Disk 1 file
        F2                 Load Disk 2 file
        F3                 Swap Disk 1 and Disk 2
        F4                 Disable / Enable Joystick
        F5                 Disable / Enable Fask Disk emulation
        F6 / Shift-F6      Toggle Display Mode (Default, NTSC, RGB, Mono)
        F7                 Disable / Enable 50/60 Hz video
        F8                 Disable / Enable Joystick jitter
        F9 / Shift-F9      Toggle speed (1 MHz, 2.8 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, Fastest)
        F10                Load Hard Disk 1 file
        F11                Load Hard Disk 2 file
        F12 / Break        Reset
  

Tested Platform

• Windows 10 / 11
• Linux (RHEL and Debian)
• Mac OSX
• Web (Firefox, Chrome, Edge)

References

• Writing NES Emulator in Rust by Bugzmanov. The article that started this emulator development
• Beneath Apple DOS by Don Worth and Pieter Lechner
• [Inside the Apple //e] by Gary B. Little
• Apple II Disk Drive Article by Neil Parker
• Understanding the Apple //e by Jim Sather.
• AppleWin, whose source code is a goldmine of useful references.
• A2 Audit and a2audit, good resource to test out language card and aux memory compliance.
• MB Audit A good test suite for testing mockingboard functionalities
• W65C22 (W65C22N and W65C22S) Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA) Datasheet
• NTSC Emulation A good explanation on NTSC emulation by Openemulator by Zellyn Hunter
• Accurapple A good analysis on the handling of Flux tracks in Woz 2.1
• Apple 2 speaker from ground up
• Apple 2c MIG