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如何分析Gut microbiome与宿主Genome的互作

Ricky Woo edited this page Sep 27, 2017 · 8 revisions

如今,微生物组研究正如火如荼进行中,其中,微生物组与人类宿主基因组之间的互作的研究也是研究热点之一。那么,宿主基因组是如何影响微生物组的呢?

首先我们来看看这两种“组”分别有什么样的特点:

Human Microbiome Human Genome
Many genomes A single genome
Recombination occurs independently of reproduction Recombination occurs only during reproduction
Functional capacity is dynamic Basic functions are always present
Changes in response to environment Stable in response to the environment
Highly mutable Mutations are rare
Generation time approx 30 min. Generation time approx. 30 years

微生物组单独分析(Microbiome analysis)

如果单独对微生物组进行研究,一般的研究方案有:

物种组成分析(taxonomic profiling)

多样性(Diversity)

  • alpha diversity: 针对单个样本,样本中包含的物种(品系)的数量;
  • beta diversity:不同样本微生物种群结构的差异

丰度(Abundance)

特定物种微生物的丰度,绝对丰度(abstract abundance)或者相对丰度(relative abundance)

功能构成分析(Functional profiling)

针对微生物的功能进行分析

物种组成分析与功能分析的主要差异

Taxonomic profiling Functional profiling
High variation among individuals Less variation among individuals
Spatial and temporal colonization dynamics Results of microbial interactions
Key microbes associated with health Key functions associated with health
Selection, evolution, succession Diagnosis, prognosis

菌株水平的遗传变异、基因表达分析

在菌株水平上(Strain-level)上分析序列的变异(sequence variation)以及基因表达水平(expression level)

常常不同的研究角度可能得出完全不同的结论,因而我们发现,微生物组的研究的可重复性相对较差。

几篇研究文献

1. Nature Genetics 2016

  • Jan Bonder et al. The effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome. Nature Genetics 48, 1407-1412 (2016)

实验设计

Population

  • 1514 individuals from 3 Dutch cohorts
    • Discovery cohort:
      • LifeLines-DEEP cohort (984/1539 = 636 males + 903 females)
    • Replication cohort
      • 500FG cohort (425/534 = 237 males + 296 females)
      • MIBS-CO cohort (105/105 = 42 males and 63 females)

Data

  • Germline genotyping
    • 8M SNPs targeted sequencing (explanatory variables)
  • Gut mocrobiome shotgun sequencing

Covariates

  • age
  • gender

Outcome

  • Microbial taxonomies (219 taxonomies)
  • Functional units
    • 636 MetaCyc pathways
    • 661 Gene Ontoloty terms (2000 genes)

研究方法

  1. Quality control (QC) of Reads
  • FastQC, Trimmomatic
  • bowtie2 Filters the reads belonging to the human host genomes (NCBI38)
  1. Microbial compositional profiling
  • MetaPhlan 2.2: 1M markers from > 7500 species
  1. Microbial compositional normalization
  • The taxonomy data were normalized using an arcsin square root transformation
  • Then corrected the normalized nonzero data for age, sex and read depth.

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