Call DNA Align Nextflow Pipeline for BWA Alignment of Paired-End Reads
- Pipeline-align-DNA
The align-DNA Nextflow pipeline, aligns paired-end data utilizing BWA-MEM2 and/or HISAT2, Picard Tools and SAMtools. The pipeline has been engineered to run in a 4 layer stack in a cloud-based scalable environment of CycleCloud, Slurm, Nextflow and Docker. Additionally, it has been validated with the SMC-HET dataset and reference GRCh38, where paired-end fastq’s were created with BAM Surgeon.
The pipeline should be run WITH A SINGLE SAMPLE AT A TIME. Otherwise resource allocation and Nextflow errors could cause the pipeline to fail.
Developer's Notes:
For some reads with low mapping qualities, BWA-MEM2 assigns them to different genomic positions when using different CPU-numbers. If you want to 100% reproduce a run, the same CPU-number (
bwa_mem_number_of_cpus) needs to be set.
BWA-MEM2 now only supports five CPU instruction set, AVX, AVX2, AVX512, SSE4.1 and SSE4.2. However we only tested the pipeline on AVX2 and AVX512 CPUs.
We performed a benchmarking on our SLURM cluster. Using 56 CPUs for alignment (
bwa_mem_number_of_cpus) gives it the best performance. See Testing and Validation.
Requirements
Currently supported Nextflow versions: 23.04.2
Below is a summary of how to run the pipeline. See here for full instructions.
Pipelines should be run WITH A SINGLE SAMPLE AT TIME. Otherwise resource allocation and Nextflow errors could cause the pipeline to fail.
Note: Because this pipeline uses images stored in the GitHub Container Registry, you must setup a personal access token (PAT) for your GitHub account and log into the registry on the cluster before running this pipeline.
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The recommended way of running the pipeline is to directly use the source code located here:
/hot/software/pipeline/pipeline-align-DNA/Nextflow/release, rather than cloning a copy of the pipeline.- The source code should never be modified when running our pipelines
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Create a config file for input, output, and parameters. An example for a config file can be found here. See Inputs for the detailed description of each variable in the config file. The config file can be generated using a python script (see below).
- Do not directly modify the source
template.config, but rather you should copy it from the pipeline release folder to your project-specific folder and modify it there
- Do not directly modify the source
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Create the input csv using the template. The example csv is a single-lane sample, however this pipeline can take multi-lane sample as well, with each record in the csv file representing a lane (a pair of fastq). All records must have the same value in the sample column. See Inputs for detailed description of each column. All columns must exist in order to run the pipeline successfully.
- Again, do not directly modify the source template csv file. Instead, copy it from the pipeline release folder to your project-specific folder and modify it there.
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The pipeline can be executed locally using the command below:
nextflow run path/to/main.nf -config path/to/sample-specific.config- For example,
path/to/main.nfcould be:/hot/software/pipeline/pipeline-align-DNA/Nextflow/release/8.0.0/pipeline/align-DNA.nf path/to/sample-specific.configis the path to where you saved your project-specific copy of template.config
To submit to UCLAHS-CDS's Azure cloud, use the submission script here with the command below:
python path/to/submit_nextflow_pipeline.py \
--nextflow_script path/to/main.nf \
--nextflow_config path/to/sample-specific.config \
--pipeline_run_name <sample_name> \
--partition_type F72 \
--email jdoe@ucla.edu BWA-MEM2 Genome Index
The reference genome index must be generated by BWA-MEM2 with the correct version. Genome index generated by old BWA-MEM2 versions or the original BWA is not accepted. The reference genome index can be generated using the generate-genome-index.nf nextflow pipeline. To run this pipeline, you need to create a config file using this template to specify the path of reference_fasta and the temp_dir. The temp_dir is used to store intermediate files of Nextflow. The genome index files are saved to the same directory of the input reference FASTA by the pipeline. Use the command below to run this generate genome index pipeline:
nextflow run path/to/generate-genome-index.nf -config path/to/genome-specific.configThis can also be submitted using the submission script to the UCLAHS-CDS's Azure cloud as mentioned above.
The BWA-MEM2 expects the reference genome index to be at the same directory as the reference genome FASTA, so it's important to keep them together.
HISAT2 Genome Index The reference genome index must be generated from HISAT2 using hisat2-build. When passing the hisat2 index to the config, only the path up to the prefix(basename) must be specified:
The basename is the name of any of the index files up to but not including the final .1.ht2 / etc. hisat2 looks for the specified index first in the current directory, then in the directory specified in the HISAT2_INDEXES environment variable.
Generating the config file using a script
To learn how to run the script, use one of the following commands:
python path/to/pipeline-align-DNA/script/write_dna_align_config_file.py -h
python path/to/pipeline-align-DNA/script/write_dna_align_config_file.py param
python path/to/pipeline-align-DNA/script/write_dna_align_config_file.py example
See the following command for example:
python path/to/pipeline-align-DNA/script/write_dna_align_config_file.py \
/my/path/to/sample_name.csv \
bwa-mem2 \
/hot/ref/tool-specific-input/BWA-MEM2-2.2.1/GRCh38-BI-20160721/index/genome.fa \
/my/path/to/output_directory \
/my/path/to/temp_directory \
--save_intermediate_files \
--cache_intermediate_pipeline_stepsFollowing alignment, processes are run separately for each aligner used.
The first step of the pipeline utilizes BWA-MEM2 or HISAT2 to align paired reads. BWA-MEM2 is the successor for the well-known aligner BWA. The bwa-mem2 mem command utilizes the -M option for marking shorter splits as secondary. This allows for compatibility with Picard Tools in downstream process and in particular prevents the underlying library of Picard Tools from recognizing these splits as duplicate reads (read names). Additionally, the -t option is utilized to increase the number of threads used for alignment. The number of threads used in this step is by default to allow at least 2.5Gb memory per CPU, because of the large memory usage by BWA-MEM2. This can be overwritten by setting the bwa_mem_number_of_cpus parameter from the config file.
SAMtools view command is used to convert the aligned SAM files into the compressed BAM format. The SAMtools view command utilizes the -S option for increasing the speed by removing duplicates and outputs the reads as they are ordered in the file. Additionally, the -b option ensures the output is in BAM format and the -@ option is utilized to increase the number of threads.
The next step of the pipeline utilizes SAMtools sort command to sort the aligned BAM files in coordinate order or queryname order that is needed for downstream duplicate marking tools. Specifically, the sort_order option is utilized to ensure the file is sorted in coordinate order for Picard or queryname order for Spark.
For certain use-cases the pipeline may be configured to stop after this step using the mark_duplicates=false parameter in the config file. This option is intended for datasets generated with targeted sequencing panels (like our custom Proseq-G Prostate panel). High coverage target enrichment sequencing (like Illumina's protocol) results in a large amount of read duplication that is not an artifact of PCR amplification. Marking these reads as duplicates will severely reduce coverage, and it is recommended that the pipeline be configured to not mark duplicates in this case.
If mark_duplicates=true then the next step of the pipeline utilizes Picard Tool’s MarkDuplicates command to mark duplicates in the BAM files. The MarkDuplicates command utilizes the VALIDATION_STRINGENCY=LENIENT option to indicate how errors should be handled and keep the process running if possible. Additionally, the Program_Record_Id is set to MarkDuplicates.
A faster Spark implementation of MarkDuplicates can also be used (MarkDuplicatesSpark from GATK). The process matches the output of Picard's MarkDuplicates with significant runtime improvements. An important note, however, the Spark version requires more disk space and can fail with large inputs with multiple aligners being specified due to insufficient disk space. In such cases, Picard's MarkDuplicates should be used instead.
After marking duplicated reads in BAM files, the BAM files are then indexed by using --CREATE_INDEX true for Picard's MarkDuplicates, or --create-output-bam-index for MarkDuplicatesSpark. This utilizes the VALIDATION_STRINGENCY=LENIENT option to indicate how errors should be handled and keep the process running if possible.
The input csv must have all columns below and in the same order. An example of an input csv can be found here
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| read_group_identifier | string | The read group each read belongs to. This is concatenated with the lane column (see below) and then passed to the ID field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here. |
| sequencing_center | string | The sequencing center where the data were produced. This is passed to the CN field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here |
| library_identifier | string | The library identifier to be passed to the LB field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here |
| platform_technology | string | The platform or technology used to produce the reads. This is passed to the PL field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here |
| platform_unit | string | The platform unit to be passed to the PU field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here |
| lane | string | The lane name or index. This is concatenated with the read_group_identifier column (see above) and then passed to the ID field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here |
| sample | string | The sample name to be passed to the SM field of the final BAM. No white space is allowed. For more detail see here |
| read1_fastq | path | Absolute path to the R1 fastq file. |
| read2_fastq | path | Absolute path to the R2 fastq file. |
| Input Parameter | Required | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
sample_name |
yes | string | The sample name. This is ignored if the output files are directly saved to the Boutros Lab data storage registry, by setting ucla_cds_registered_dataset_output = true |
input_csv |
yes | path | Absolute path to the input csv. See here for example and above for the detail of required fields. |
reference_fasta_bwa |
yes for BWA-MEM2 | path | Absolute path to the reference genome fasta file. The reference genome is used by BWA-MEM2 for alignment. |
reference_fasta_hisat2 |
yes for HISAT2 | path | Absolute path to the reference genome fasta file. The reference genome is used by HISAT2 for alignment. |
hisat2_index_prefix |
yes for HISAT2 | path | Absolute path up to the genome index basename. The index must be generated by the hisat2-build command. |
aligner |
yes | list | Which aligners to use as strings in list format. Current options: BWA-MEM2, HISAT2. |
output_dir |
yes | path | Absolute path to the directory where the output files to be saved. This is ignored if the output files are directly saved to the Boutros Lab data storage registry, by setting ucla_cds_registered_dataset_output = true |
save_intermediate_files |
yes | boolean | Save intermediate files. If yes, not only the final BAM, but also the unmerged, unsorted, and duplicates unmarked BAM files will also be saved. |
cache_intermediate_pipeline_steps |
yes | boolean | Enable cahcing to resume pipeline and the end of the last successful process completion when a pipeline fails (if true the default submission script must be modified). |
mark_duplicates |
no | boolean | Disable processes which mark duplicates. When false, the pipeline stops at the sorting step, outputting a sorted, indexed, unmerged BAM with unmarked duplicates. Recommended for high coverage targeted panel sequencing datasets. Defaults as true to mark duplicates as usual. |
enable_spark |
yes | boolean | Enable use of Spark processes. When true, MarkDuplicatesSpark will be used. When false, MarkDuplicates will be used. Default value is true. |
spark_temp_dir |
no | path | Path to temp dir for Spark processes. When included in the sample config file, Spark intermediate files will be saved to this directory. Defaults to /scratch and should only be changed for testing/development. Changing this directory to /hot or /tmp can lead to high server latency and potential disk space limitations, respectively. |
spark_metrics |
no | boolean | should Spark generate *.mark_dup.metrics |
work_dir |
no | path | Path of working directory for Nextflow. When included in the sample config file, Nextflow intermediate files and logs will be saved to this directory. With ucla_cds, the default is /scratch and should only be changed for testing/development. Changing this directory to /hot or /tmp can lead to high server latency and potential disk space limitations, respectively. |
max_number_of_parallel_jobs |
no | int | The maximum number of jobs or steps of the pipeline that can be ran in parallel. Default is 1. Be very cautious setting this to any value larger than 1, as it may cause out-of-memory error. It may be helpful when running on a big memory computing node. |
bwa_mem_number_of_cpus |
no | int | Number of cores to use for BWA-MEM2. If not set, this will be calculated to ensure at least 2.5Gb memory per core. |
ucla_cds_registered_dataset_input |
yes | boolean | Input FASTQs are from the Boutros Lab data registry. |
ucla_cds_registered_dataset_output |
yes | boolean | Enable saving final files including BAM and BAM index, and logging files directory to the Boutros Lab Data registry. |
dataset_id |
no | string | The registered dataset ID of this dataset from the Boutros Lab data registry. Ignored if ucla_cds_registered_data_input = true or ucla_cds_registered_output = false |
patient_id |
no | string | The registered patient ID of this sample from the Boutros Lab data registry. Ignored if ucla_cds_registered_data_input = true or ucla_cds_registered_output = false |
sample_id |
no | string | The registered sample ID from the Boutros Lab data registry. Ignored if ucla_cds_registered_data_input = true or ucla_cds_registered_output = false |
disable_alt_aware |
yes | boolean | Whether to disable the default alt-aware mode for BWA-MEM2. The default behavior of alt-aware mode is to consider the .alt file if it exists in the directory with the reference file. |
ucla_cds_data_dir |
no | string | The directory where registered data is located. Default: /hot/data |
ucla_cds_reference_genome_version |
no | string | Identifier for the version of the reference genome version |
check_node_config |
no | boolean | Whether to check pre-configured node settings used to set CPU and memory constraints. The default behavior, whether true or undefined is to check the pre-configured node settings. Set to false to skip this check. |
docker_container_registry |
no | string | Registry containing tool Docker images. Default: ghcr.io/uclahs-cds |
Separate folders for each aligner used are created to store bam files while a base folder is used to store overall Nextflow information.
| Output | Description | Folder |
|---|---|---|
.bam |
Aligned, sorted, filtered and if needed, merged, BAM file(s) | align-DNA-DATE/ALIGNER |
.bam.bai |
Index file for each BAM file | align-DNA-DATE/ALIGNER |
.bam files and metrics files |
Intermediate outputs for each scientific tool (OPTIONAL) | align-DNA-DATE/ALIGNER |
report.html, timeline.html and trace.txt |
A Nextflowreport, timeline and trace files | align-DNA-DATE/log |
log.command.* |
Process specific logging files created by Nextflow. | align-DNA-DATE |
This pipeline was tested using the synthesized SMC-HET dataset as well as a multi-lane real sample CPCG0196-B1, using reference genome version GRCh38. Some benchmarking has been done comparing BWA-MEM2 v2.1, v2.0, and the original BWA. BWA-MEM2 is able to reduce approximately half of the runtime comparing to the original BWA, with the output BAM almost identical. See here for the benchmarking.
| metric | Result |
|---|---|
| raw total sequences | 1.0000000 |
| filtered sequences | NaN |
| sequences | 1.0000000 |
| is sorted | 1.0000000 |
| 1st fragments | 1.0000000 |
| last fragments | 1.0000000 |
| reads mapped | 1.0000000 |
| reads mapped and paired | 1.0000001 |
| reads unmapped | 0.9999950 |
| reads properly paired | 0.9999999 |
| reads paired | 1.0000000 |
| reads duplicated | 0.9999949 |
| reads MQ0 | 1.0000009 |
| reads QC failed | NaN |
| non-primary alignments | 0.9999757 |
| total length | 1.0000000 |
| bases mapped | 1.0000000 |
| bases mapped (cigar) | 1.0000000 |
| bases trimmed | NaN |
| bases duplicated | 0.9999958 |
| mismatches | 0.9999987 |
| error rate | 0.9999987 |
| average length | 1.0000000 |
| maximum length | 1.0000000 |
| average quality | 1.0000000 |
| insert size average | 1.0000000 |
| insert size standard deviation | 1.0000000 |
| inward oriented pairs | 0.9999991 |
| outward oriented pairs | 1.0000477 |
| pairs with other orientation | 0.9999726 |
| pairs on different chromosomes | 1.0000416 |
Included is a template for validating your input files. For more information on the tool check out the following link: https://github.com/uclahs-cds/package-PipeVal
Vasimuddin Md, Sanchit Misra, Heng Li, Srinivas Aluru. Efficient Architecture-Aware Acceleration of BWA-MEM for Multicore Systems. IEEE Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), 2019.
Daehwan Kim, Ben Langmead, Steven L Salzberg. HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nature Methods, 2015
- Issue tracker to report errors and enhancement ideas.
- Discussions can take place in align-DNA discussions
- align-DNA Pull Requests are also open for discussion.
Please see list of Contributors at GitHub.
Authors: Benjamin Carlin, Chenghao Zhu (ChenghaoZhu@mednet.ucla.edu), Aaron Holmes (AHolmes@mednet.ucla.edu), Takafumi Yamaguchi (TYamaguchi@mednet.ucla.edu), Aakarsh Anand (AakarshAnand@mednet.ucla.edu), Yash Patel (YashPatel@mednet.ucla.edu), Joseph Salmingo (JSalmingo@mednet.ucla.edu)
Align-DNA is licensed under the GNU General Public License version 2. See the file LICENSE for the terms of the GNU GPL license.
Align-DNA aligned paired-end reads using the BWA-MEM2 and/or HISAT2 aligners.
Copyright (C) 2020-2024 University of California Los Angeles ("Boutros Lab") All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.